Inhibition of recombinant human CYP1B1 expressed in baker's yeast-derived microsomes (Sacchrosomes) at 10 uM using 7-ethoxyresorufin substrate by EROD assay relative to control
—
Inhibition = 20.0 %
Reference
Title : Identification of karanjin isolated from the Indian beech tree as a potent CYP1 enzyme inhibitor with cellular efficacy <i>via</i> screening of a natural product repository. Authors : Joshi P, Sonawane VR, Williams IS, McCann GJP, Gatchie L, Sharma R, Satti N, Chaudhuri B, Bharate SB. Publication Year :
2018 Journal : MedChemComm Abstract : CYP1A1 is thought to mediate carcinogenesis in oral, lung and epithelial cancers. In order to identify a CYP1A1 inhibitor from an edible plant, 394 natural products in the IIIM's natural product repository were screened, at 10 μM concentration, using CYP1A1-Sacchrosomes™ (<i>i.e.</i> microsomal enzyme isolated from recombinant baker's yeast). Twenty-seven natural products were identified that inhibited 40-97% of CYP1A1's 7-ethoxyresorufin-<i>O</i>-deethylase activity. The IC<sub>50</sub> values of the 'hits', belonging to different chemical scaffolds, were determined. Their selectivity was studied against a panel of 8 CYP-Sacchrosomes™. In order to assess cellular efficacy, the 'hits' were screened for their capability to inhibit CYP enzymes expressed within live recombinant human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells from plasmids encoding specific CYP genes (1A2, 1B1, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4). Isopimpinellin (IN-475; IC<sub>50</sub>, 20 nM) and karanjin (IN-195; IC<sub>50</sub>, 30 nM) showed the most potent inhibition of CYP1A1 in human cells. Isopimpinellin is found in celery, parsnip, fruits and in the rind and pulp of limes whereas different parts of the Indian beech tree, which contain karanjin, have been used in traditional medicine. Both isopimpinellin and karanjin negate the cellular toxicity of CYP1A1-mediated benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations with CYP isoforms rationalize the observed trends in the potency and selectivity of isopimpinellin and karanjin. DOI : 10.1039/C7MD00388A
PLUMBAGIN
Inhibition of recombinant human CYP1B1 expressed in baker's yeast-derived microsomes (Sacchrosomes) at 10 uM using 7-ethoxyresorufin substrate by EROD assay relative to control
—
Inhibition = 40.0 %
Reference
Title : Identification of karanjin isolated from the Indian beech tree as a potent CYP1 enzyme inhibitor with cellular efficacy <i>via</i> screening of a natural product repository. Authors : Joshi P, Sonawane VR, Williams IS, McCann GJP, Gatchie L, Sharma R, Satti N, Chaudhuri B, Bharate SB. Publication Year :
2018 Journal : MedChemComm Abstract : CYP1A1 is thought to mediate carcinogenesis in oral, lung and epithelial cancers. In order to identify a CYP1A1 inhibitor from an edible plant, 394 natural products in the IIIM's natural product repository were screened, at 10 μM concentration, using CYP1A1-Sacchrosomes™ (<i>i.e.</i> microsomal enzyme isolated from recombinant baker's yeast). Twenty-seven natural products were identified that inhibited 40-97% of CYP1A1's 7-ethoxyresorufin-<i>O</i>-deethylase activity. The IC<sub>50</sub> values of the 'hits', belonging to different chemical scaffolds, were determined. Their selectivity was studied against a panel of 8 CYP-Sacchrosomes™. In order to assess cellular efficacy, the 'hits' were screened for their capability to inhibit CYP enzymes expressed within live recombinant human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells from plasmids encoding specific CYP genes (1A2, 1B1, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4). Isopimpinellin (IN-475; IC<sub>50</sub>, 20 nM) and karanjin (IN-195; IC<sub>50</sub>, 30 nM) showed the most potent inhibition of CYP1A1 in human cells. Isopimpinellin is found in celery, parsnip, fruits and in the rind and pulp of limes whereas different parts of the Indian beech tree, which contain karanjin, have been used in traditional medicine. Both isopimpinellin and karanjin negate the cellular toxicity of CYP1A1-mediated benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations with CYP isoforms rationalize the observed trends in the potency and selectivity of isopimpinellin and karanjin. DOI : 10.1039/C7MD00388A
Competitive inhibition of human liver microsomes CYP1A1 expressed in supersomes coexpressing NADPH-CYP reductase using 7-Ethoxyresorufin as substrate measured every 5 mins for 30 mins in presence of NADPH by fluorescence assay
Liver
Ki = 150.0 nM
Reference
Title : Inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1. Authors : Dutour R, Poirier D. Publication Year :
2017 Journal : Eur J Med Chem Abstract : Human cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is involved in the metabolism of various drugs. This enzyme catalyzes the hydroxylation of aryl compounds, thus generating more polar metabolites that can be easily excreted. CYP1B1 is also known for its ability to activate procarcinogens into carcinogens. For example, it can hydroxylate 17β-estradiol (E2) into 4-hydroxy-E2, which can promote tumorigenesis as a potent estrogen, or after being transformed into E2-3,4-quinone. Since elevated expression levels of CYP1B1 have been reported in various cancers, but not in normal tissues, this enzyme represents an interesting therapeutic target. This review put emphasis on different families of inhibitors, especially those reported since 2003. DOI : 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.042
CANNABIDIOL
Competitive inhibition of human recombinant CYP1A1 using 7-Ethoxyresorufin as substrate by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis
—
Ki = 160.0 nM
Reference
Title : The Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Cannabidiol (CBD). Authors : Nelson KM,Bisson J,Singh G,Graham JG,Chen SN,Friesen JB,Dahlin JL,Niemitz M,Walters MA,Pauli GF Publication Year :
2020 Journal : J Med Chem Abstract : This Perspective of the published essential medicinal chemistry of cannabidiol (CBD) provides evidence that the popularization of CBD-fortified or CBD-labeled health products and CBD-associated health claims lacks a rigorous scientific foundation. CBD's reputation as a cure-all puts it in the same class as other "natural" panaceas, where valid ethnobotanicals are reduced to single, purportedly active ingredients. Such reductionist approaches oversimplify useful, chemically complex mixtures in an attempt to rationalize the commercial utility of natural compounds and exploit the "natural" label. Literature evidence associates CBD with certain semiubiquitous, broadly screened, primarily plant-based substances of undocumented purity that interfere with bioassays and have a low likelihood of becoming therapeutic agents. Widespread health challenges and pandemic crises such as SARS-CoV-2 create circumstances under which scientists must be particularly vigilant about healing claims that lack solid foundational data. Herein, we offer a critical review of the published medicinal chemistry properties of CBD, as well as precise definitions of CBD-containing substances and products, distilled to reveal the essential factors that impact its development as a therapeutic agent. DOI : 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00724
PTEROSTILBENE
Inhibition of CYP1A1 (unknown origin)
—
Ki = 570.0 nM
Reference
Title : trans-Stilbenoids: potent and selective inhibitors for human cytochrome P450 1B1 Authors : Chun Y, Lim C, Ohk SO, Lee JM, Lee JH, Choi S, Kim S Publication Year :
2011 Journal : MedChemComm DOI : 10.1039/C0MD00242A
PTEROSTILBENE
Inhibition of recombinant human CYP1A1 expressed in supersomes coexpressing NADPH-CYP reductase using 7-ethoxyresorufin as substrate after 15 mins in presence of NADP+ by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis
—
Ki = 570.0 nM
Reference
Title : Inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1. Authors : Dutour R, Poirier D. Publication Year :
2017 Journal : Eur J Med Chem Abstract : Human cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is involved in the metabolism of various drugs. This enzyme catalyzes the hydroxylation of aryl compounds, thus generating more polar metabolites that can be easily excreted. CYP1B1 is also known for its ability to activate procarcinogens into carcinogens. For example, it can hydroxylate 17β-estradiol (E2) into 4-hydroxy-E2, which can promote tumorigenesis as a potent estrogen, or after being transformed into E2-3,4-quinone. Since elevated expression levels of CYP1B1 have been reported in various cancers, but not in normal tissues, this enzyme represents an interesting therapeutic target. This review put emphasis on different families of inhibitors, especially those reported since 2003. DOI : 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.042
CANNABINOL
Competitive inhibition of human liver microsomes CYP1A1 expressed in supersomes coexpressing NADPH-CYP reductase using 7-Ethoxyresorufin as substrate measured every 5 mins for 30 mins in presence of NADPH by fluorescence assay
Liver
Ki = 541.0 nM
Reference
Title : Inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1. Authors : Dutour R, Poirier D. Publication Year :
2017 Journal : Eur J Med Chem Abstract : Human cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is involved in the metabolism of various drugs. This enzyme catalyzes the hydroxylation of aryl compounds, thus generating more polar metabolites that can be easily excreted. CYP1B1 is also known for its ability to activate procarcinogens into carcinogens. For example, it can hydroxylate 17β-estradiol (E2) into 4-hydroxy-E2, which can promote tumorigenesis as a potent estrogen, or after being transformed into E2-3,4-quinone. Since elevated expression levels of CYP1B1 have been reported in various cancers, but not in normal tissues, this enzyme represents an interesting therapeutic target. This review put emphasis on different families of inhibitors, especially those reported since 2003. DOI : 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.042
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
CARBAMAZEPINE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
CELECOXIB
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
CLOZAPINE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition = 12.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
COLCHICINE
Inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 3 uM
—
Inhibition = 12.4 %
Reference
Title : New cytotoxic benzosuberene analogs. Synthesis, molecular modeling and biological evaluation. Authors : Chen Z, Maderna A, Sukuru SC, Wagenaar M, O'Donnell CJ, Lam MH, Musto S, Loganzo F. Publication Year :
2013 Journal : Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. Abstract : In this Letter we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of new benzosuberene analogs with structural modifications on the B-ring. The focus was initially to probe the chemical space around the B-ring C-8 position. This position was readily available for derivatization chemistry using our recently developed new synthesis for this compound class. Furthermore, we describe two new B-ring analogs, one containing a diene and the other a cyclic ether group. Both new analogs show excellent potencies in tumor cell proliferation assays. In addition, we describe molecular modeling studies that provide a binding rationale for reference compound 8 in the colchicine binding site using the known colchicine crystal structure. We also examine whether the cell based potency data obtained with selected new analogs are supported by modeling results. DOI : 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.039
DICLOFENAC
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
ERYTHROMYCIN
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
ETHINYL ESTRADIOL
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition = 18.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
FLUTAMIDE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
FUROSEMIDE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
KETOCONAZOLE
Inhibition of CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes assessed as phenacetin demethylation to acetaminophen at 1 uM after 10 mins relative to control
Liver
Inhibition = 22.0 %
Reference
Title : Rational development of 4-aminopyridyl-based inhibitors targeting Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51 as anti-chagas agents. Authors : Choi JY, Calvet CM, Gunatilleke SS, Ruiz C, Cameron MD, McKerrow JH, Podust LM, Roush WR. Publication Year :
2013 Journal : J. Med. Chem. Abstract : A new series of 4-aminopyridyl-based lead inhibitors targeting Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51 (TcCYP51) has been developed using structure-based drug design as well as structure-property relationship (SPR) analyses. The screening hit starting point, LP10 (KD ≤ 42 nM; EC50 = 0.65 μM), has been optimized to give the potential leads 14t, 27i, 27q, 27r, and 27t, which have low-nanomolar binding affinity to TcCYP51 and significant activity against T. cruzi amastigotes cultured in human myoblasts (EC50 = 14-18 nM for 27i and 27r). Many of the optimized compounds have improved microsome stability, and most are selective against human CYPs 1A2, 2D6, and 3A4 (<50% inhibition at 1 μM). A rationale for the improvement in microsome stability and selectivity of inhibitors against human metabolic CYP enzymes is presented. In addition, the binding mode of 14t with the Trypanosoma brucei CYP51 (TbCYP51) orthologue has been characterized by X-ray structure analysis. DOI : 10.1021/jm401067s
LEVOFLOXACIN
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
MILTEFOSINE
Inhibition of human microsomal CYP1A2 expressed in baculovirus infected insect cells at 10 uM using luciferin-1A2 as substrate preincubated with enzyme/substrate mixture for 30 mins followed by further incubation with NADPH for 30 mins by CYP450 luciferase Glo assay relative to control
—
Inhibition = -20.0 %
Reference
Title : Discovery of a benzothiophene-flavonol halting miltefosine and antimonial drug resistance in Leishmania parasites through the application of medicinal chemistry, screening and genomics. Authors : Borsari C, Jiménez-Antón MD, Eick J, Bifeld E, Torrado JJ, Olías-Molero AI, Corral MJ, Santarem N, Baptista C, Severi L, Gul S, Wolf M, Kuzikov M, Ellinger B, Reinshagen J, Witt G, Linciano P, Tait A, Costantino L, Luciani R, Tejera Nevado P, Zander-Dinse D, Franco CH, Ferrari S, Moraes CB, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Ponterini G, Clos J, Alunda JM, Costi MP. Publication Year :
2019 Journal : Eur J Med Chem Abstract : Leishmaniasis, a major health problem worldwide, has a limited arsenal of drugs for its control. The appearance of resistance to first- and second-line anti-leishmanial drugs confirms the need to develop new and less toxic drugs that overcome spontaneous resistance. In the present study, we report the design and synthesis of a novel library of 38 flavonol-like compounds and their evaluation in a panel of assays encompassing parasite killing, pharmacokinetics, genomics and ADME-Toxicity resulting in the progression of a compound in the drug discovery value chain. Compound 19, 2-(benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)-3-hydroxy-6-methoxy-4H-chromen-4-one, exhibited a broad-spectrum activity against Leishmania spp. (EC50 1.9 μM for Leishmania infantum, 3.4 μM for L. donovani, 6.7 μM for L. major), Trypanosoma cruzi (EC50 7.5 μM) and T. brucei (EC50 0.8 μM). Focusing on anti-Leishmania activity, compound 19 challenge in vitro did not select for resistance markers in L. donovani, while a Cos-Seq screening for dominant resistance genes identified a gene locus on chromosome 36 that became ineffective at concentrations beyond EC50. Thus, compound 19 is a promising scaffold to tackle drug resistance in Leishmania infection. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies indicated that compound 19 has a long half-life (intravenous (IV): 63.2 h; per os (PO): 46.9 h) with an acceptable ADME-Toxicity profile. When tested in Leishmania infected hamsters, no toxicity and limited efficacy were observed. Low solubility and degradation were investigated spectroscopically as possible causes for the sub-optimal pharmacokinetic properties. Compound 19 resulted a specific compound based on the screening against a protein set, following the intrinsic fluorescence changes. DOI : 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111676
OLANZAPINE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
PHENYTOIN
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
RITONAVIR
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
SULFAMETHOXAZOLE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
SULFAPHENAZOLE
Inhibition of CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes assessed as phenacetin demethylation to acetaminophen at 10 uM after 10 mins relative to control
Liver
Inhibition = 20.0 %
Reference
Title : Rational development of 4-aminopyridyl-based inhibitors targeting Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51 as anti-chagas agents. Authors : Choi JY, Calvet CM, Gunatilleke SS, Ruiz C, Cameron MD, McKerrow JH, Podust LM, Roush WR. Publication Year :
2013 Journal : J. Med. Chem. Abstract : A new series of 4-aminopyridyl-based lead inhibitors targeting Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51 (TcCYP51) has been developed using structure-based drug design as well as structure-property relationship (SPR) analyses. The screening hit starting point, LP10 (KD ≤ 42 nM; EC50 = 0.65 μM), has been optimized to give the potential leads 14t, 27i, 27q, 27r, and 27t, which have low-nanomolar binding affinity to TcCYP51 and significant activity against T. cruzi amastigotes cultured in human myoblasts (EC50 = 14-18 nM for 27i and 27r). Many of the optimized compounds have improved microsome stability, and most are selective against human CYPs 1A2, 2D6, and 3A4 (<50% inhibition at 1 μM). A rationale for the improvement in microsome stability and selectivity of inhibitors against human metabolic CYP enzymes is presented. In addition, the binding mode of 14t with the Trypanosoma brucei CYP51 (TbCYP51) orthologue has been characterized by X-ray structure analysis. DOI : 10.1021/jm401067s
VALPROIC ACID
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
VALSARTAN
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
VORICONAZOLE
Inhibition of CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes assessed as phenacetin O-deethylation at 100 uM after 30 mins
Liver
Inhibition = 25.0 %
Reference
Title : Comprehensive in vitro analysis of voriconazole inhibition of eight cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes: major effect on CYPs 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, and 3A. Authors : Jeong S, Nguyen PD, Desta Z. Publication Year :
2009 Journal : Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Abstract : Voriconazole is an effective antifungal drug, but adverse drug-drug interactions associated with its use are of major clinical concern. To identify the mechanisms of these interactions, we tested the inhibitory potency of voriconazole with eight human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Isoform-specific probes were incubated with human liver microsomes (HLMs) (or expressed CYPs) and cofactors in the absence and the presence of voriconazole. Preincubation experiments were performed to test mechanism-based inactivation. In pilot experiments, voriconazole showed inhibition of CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A (half-maximal [50%] inhibitory concentrations, <6 microM); its effect on CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8, and CYP2D6 was marginal (<25% inhibition at 100 microM voriconazole). Further detailed experiments with HLMs showed that voriconazole is a potent competitive inhibitor of CYP2B6 (K(i) < 0.5), CYP2C9 (K(i) = 2.79 microM), and CYP2C19 (K(i) = 5.1 microM). The inhibition of CYP3A by voriconazole was explained by noncompetitive (K(i) = 2.97 microM) and competitive (K(i) = 0.66 microM) modes of inhibition. Prediction of the in vivo interaction of voriconazole from these in vitro data suggests that voriconazole would substantially increase the exposure of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A. Clinicians should be aware of these interactions and monitor patients for adverse effects or failure of therapy. DOI : 10.1128/aac.01123-08
VORINOSTAT
Percent inhibition of CYP450 1A2 at 1 uM concentration
—
Inhibition = 14.0 %
Reference
Title : Identification and optimisation of a series of substituted 5-pyridin-2-yl-thiophene-2-hydroxamic acids as potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. Authors : Price S, Bordogna W, Braganza R, Bull RJ, Dyke HJ, Gardan S, Gill M, Harris NV, Heald RA, van den Heuvel M, Lockey PM, Lloyd J, Molina AG, Roach AG, Roussel F, Sutton JM, White AB. Publication Year :
2007 Journal : Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. Abstract : Further investigation of a series of thienyl-based hydroxamic acids that included ADS100380 and ADS102550 led to the identification of the 5-pyridin-2-yl-thiophene-2-hydroxamic acid 3c, which possessed modest HDAC inhibitory activity. Substitution at the 5- and 6-positions of the pyridyl ring of compound 3c provided compounds 5a-g, 7a, b, 9, and 13a. Compound 5b demonstrated improved potency, in vitro DMPK profile, and rat oral bioavailability, compared to ADS102550. Functionalisation of the pendent phenyl group of compounds 5b, 5e and 13a provided analogues that possessed excellent enzyme inhibition and anti-proliferative activity. DOI : 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.10.045
VORINOSTAT
Inhibition of human CYP1A2 using 3-cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin as substrate at 10 uM after 15 mins by fluorimetric analysis
—
Inhibition = 25.0 %
Reference
Title : Synthesis, biological characterization and molecular modeling insights of spirochromanes as potent HDAC inhibitors. Authors : Thaler F, Moretti L, Amici R, Abate A, Colombo A, Carenzi G, Fulco MC, Boggio R, Dondio G, Gagliardi S, Minucci S, Sartori L, Varasi M, Mercurio C. Publication Year :
2016 Journal : Eur. J. Med. Chem. Abstract : In the last decades, inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC) have become an important class of anti-cancer agents. In a previous study we described the synthesis of spiro[chromane-2,4'-piperidine]hydroxamic acid derivatives able to inhibit histone deacetylase enzymes. Herein, we present our exploration for new derivatives by replacing the piperidine moiety with various cycloamines. The goal was to obtain highly potent compounds with a good in vitro ADME profile. In addition, molecular modeling studies unravelled the binding mode of these inhibitors. DOI : 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.11.010
ZAFIRLUKAST
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition = 11.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
ALISKIREN
Inhibition of CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes from 10 healthy donors at 200 uM aliskiren (SPP100)
Liver
Inhibition = 15.2 %
Reference
Title : FDA drug approval package for Aliskiren hemifumarate Authors : None Publication Year :
None Journal : None Abstract : Drug Approval Package documents downloaded from Drugs@FDA. Data extracted from various pdfs.
- hERG study and start of ADME section: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P1.pdf
- ADME/PK studies, metabolic schemes: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P2.pdf
- Marmoset toxicity study including PK parameters: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P3.pdf
- Metabolism studies and human PK: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P1.pdf
- human metabolic scheme: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P2.pdf
- human metabolic scheme: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P3.pdf
ALISKIREN
Inhibitory activity of 20 uM SPP100 on 502 Pmoles of cDNA-derived CYP1A2 enzyme in microsome prepared from human lymphoblastoid cell line
—
Inhibition = 2.5 %
Reference
Title : FDA drug approval package for Aliskiren hemifumarate Authors : None Publication Year :
None Journal : None Abstract : Drug Approval Package documents downloaded from Drugs@FDA. Data extracted from various pdfs.
- hERG study and start of ADME section: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P1.pdf
- ADME/PK studies, metabolic schemes: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P2.pdf
- Marmoset toxicity study including PK parameters: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P3.pdf
- Metabolism studies and human PK: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P1.pdf
- human metabolic scheme: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P2.pdf
- human metabolic scheme: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P3.pdf
ALISKIREN
Inhibitory activity of 20 uM SPP100 on 545 Pmoles of cDNA-derived CYP1A2 enzyme in microsome prepared from human lymphoblastoid cell line
—
Inhibition = -5.8 %
Reference
Title : FDA drug approval package for Aliskiren hemifumarate Authors : None Publication Year :
None Journal : None Abstract : Drug Approval Package documents downloaded from Drugs@FDA. Data extracted from various pdfs.
- hERG study and start of ADME section: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P1.pdf
- ADME/PK studies, metabolic schemes: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P2.pdf
- Marmoset toxicity study including PK parameters: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P3.pdf
- Metabolism studies and human PK: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P1.pdf
- human metabolic scheme: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P2.pdf
- human metabolic scheme: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P3.pdf
ALISKIREN
Inhibitory activity of 20 uM SPP100 on 489 Pmoles of cDNA-derived CYP1A2 enzyme in microsome prepared from human lymphoblastoid cell line
—
Inhibition = 5.0 %
Reference
Title : FDA drug approval package for Aliskiren hemifumarate Authors : None Publication Year :
None Journal : None Abstract : Drug Approval Package documents downloaded from Drugs@FDA. Data extracted from various pdfs.
- hERG study and start of ADME section: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P1.pdf
- ADME/PK studies, metabolic schemes: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P2.pdf
- Marmoset toxicity study including PK parameters: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P3.pdf
- Metabolism studies and human PK: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P1.pdf
- human metabolic scheme: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P2.pdf
- human metabolic scheme: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P3.pdf
ALISKIREN
Inhibitory activity of 200 uM SPP100 on 484 Pmoles of cDNA-derived CYP1A2 enzyme in microsome prepared from human lymphoblastoid cell line
—
Inhibition = 6.0 %
Reference
Title : FDA drug approval package for Aliskiren hemifumarate Authors : None Publication Year :
None Journal : None Abstract : Drug Approval Package documents downloaded from Drugs@FDA. Data extracted from various pdfs.
- hERG study and start of ADME section: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P1.pdf
- ADME/PK studies, metabolic schemes: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P2.pdf
- Marmoset toxicity study including PK parameters: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P3.pdf
- Metabolism studies and human PK: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P1.pdf
- human metabolic scheme: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P2.pdf
- human metabolic scheme: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P3.pdf
ALISKIREN
Inhibitory activity of 200 uM SPP100 on 548 Pmoles of cDNA-derived CYP1A2 enzyme in microsome prepared from human lymphoblastoid cell line
—
Inhibition = -6.4 %
Reference
Title : FDA drug approval package for Aliskiren hemifumarate Authors : None Publication Year :
None Journal : None Abstract : Drug Approval Package documents downloaded from Drugs@FDA. Data extracted from various pdfs.
- hERG study and start of ADME section: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P1.pdf
- ADME/PK studies, metabolic schemes: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P2.pdf
- Marmoset toxicity study including PK parameters: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P3.pdf
- Metabolism studies and human PK: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P1.pdf
- human metabolic scheme: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P2.pdf
- human metabolic scheme: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P3.pdf
ALISKIREN
Inhibitory activity of 200 uM SPP100 on 578 Pmoles of cDNA-derived CYP1A2 enzyme in microsome prepared from human lymphoblastoid cell line
—
Inhibition = -12.4 %
Reference
Title : FDA drug approval package for Aliskiren hemifumarate Authors : None Publication Year :
None Journal : None Abstract : Drug Approval Package documents downloaded from Drugs@FDA. Data extracted from various pdfs.
- hERG study and start of ADME section: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P1.pdf
- ADME/PK studies, metabolic schemes: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P2.pdf
- Marmoset toxicity study including PK parameters: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_PharmR_P3.pdf
- Metabolism studies and human PK: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P1.pdf
- human metabolic scheme: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P2.pdf
- human metabolic scheme: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2007/021985s000_ClinPharmR_P3.pdf
AMIODARONE
Inhibition of CYP1A2-mediated phenacetin metabolite formation in human liver microsomes at 5 uM after 8 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis relative to control
Liver
Inhibition = -0.6 %
Reference
Title : Identifying a selective substrate and inhibitor pair for the evaluation of CYP2J2 activity. Authors : Lee CA, Jones JP, Katayama J, Kaspera R, Jiang Y, Freiwald S, Smith E, Walker GS, Totah RA. Publication Year :
2012 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : CYP2J2, an arachidonic acid epoxygenase, is recognized for its role in the first-pass metabolism of astemizole and ebastine. To fully assess the role of CYP2J2 in drug metabolism, a selective substrate and potent specific chemical inhibitor are essential. In this study, we report amiodarone 4-hydoxylation as a specific CYP2J2-catalyzed reaction with no CYP3A4, or other drug-metabolizing enzyme, involvement. Amiodarone 4-hydroxylation enabled the determination of liver relative activity factor and intersystem extrapolation factor for CYP2J2. Amiodarone 4-hydroxylation correlated with astemizole O-demethylation but not with CYP2J2 protein content in a sample of human liver microsomes. To identify a specific CYP2J2 inhibitor, 138 drugs were screened using terfenadine and astemizole as probe substrates with recombinant CYP2J2. Forty-two drugs inhibited CYP2J2 activity by ≥50% at 30 μM, but inhibition was substrate-dependent. Of these, danazol was a potent inhibitor of both hydroxylation of terfenadine (IC(50) = 77 nM) and O-demethylation of astemizole (K(i) = 20 nM), and inhibition was mostly competitive. Danazol inhibited CYP2C9, CYP2C8, and CYP2D6 with IC(50) values of 1.44, 1.95, and 2.74 μM, respectively. Amiodarone or astemizole were included in a seven-probe cocktail for cytochrome P450 (P450) drug-interaction screening potential, and astemizole demonstrated a better profile because it did not appreciably interact with other P450 probes. Thus, danazol, amiodarone, and astemizole will facilitate the ability to determine the metabolic role of CYP2J2 in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.043505
AMLODIPINE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
AMODIAQUINE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
ATORVASTATIN
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
BATEFENTEROL
Inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 600 nM
—
Inhibition = 25.0 %
Reference
Title : Discovery of (R)-1-(3-((2-chloro-4-(((2-hydroxy-2-(8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-3-oxopropyl)piperidin-4-yl [1,1'-biphenyl]-2-ylcarbamate (TD-5959, GSK961081, batefenterol): first-in-class dual pharmacology multivalent muscarinic antagonist and β₂ agonist (MABA) for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Authors : Hughes AD, Chen Y, Hegde SS, Jasper JR, Jaw-Tsai S, Lee TW, McNamara A, Pulido-Rios MT, Steinfeld T, Mammen M. Publication Year :
2015 Journal : J. Med. Chem. Abstract : Through application of our multivalent approach to drug discovery we previously reported the first discovery of dual pharmacology MABA bronchodilators, exemplified by 1. Herein we describe the subsequent lead optimization of both muscarinic antagonist and β2 agonist activities, through modification of the linker motif, to achieve 24 h duration of action in a guinea pig bronchoprotection model. Concomitantly we targeted high lung selectivities, low systemic exposures and identified crystalline forms suitable for inhalation devices. This article culminates with the discovery of our first clinical candidate 12f (TD-5959, GSK961081, batefenterol). In a phase 2b trial, batefenterol produced statistical and clinically significant differences compared to placebo and numerically greater improvements in the primary end point of trough FEV1 compared to salmeterol after 4 weeks of dosing in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). DOI : 10.1021/jm501915g
BENZBROMARONE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition = 12.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
BRIVANIB
Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as monoclonal antibody-mediated inhibition of CYP1A2-mediated (R)-1-(4-(4-fluoro-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[1,2-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-ol formation at 2 and 20 uM for 30 mins by LC/MS analysis
Liver
Inhibition = 55.0 %
Reference
Title : Identification of the oxidative and conjugative enzymes involved in the biotransformation of brivanib. Authors : Gong J, Gan J, Iyer RA. Publication Year :
2012 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Brivanib alaninate, the L-alanine ester prodrug of brivanib, is currently being developed as an anticancer agent. In humans, brivanib alaninate is rapidly hydrolyzed to brivanib. Prominent biotransformation pathways of brivanib included oxidation and direct sulfate conjugation. A series of in vitro studies were conducted to identify the human esterases involved in the prodrug hydrolysis and to identify the primary human cytochrome P450 and sulfotransferase (SULT) enzymes involved in the metabolism of brivanib. Brivanib alaninate was efficiently converted to brivanib in the presence of either human carboxylesterase 1 or carboxylesterase 2. Because esterases are ubiquitous, it is likely that multiple esterases are involved in the hydrolysis. Oxidation of brivanib in human liver microsomes (HLM) primarily formed a hydroxylated metabolite (M7). Incubation of brivanib with human cDNA-expressed P450 enzymes and with HLM in the presence of selective chemical inhibitors and monoclonal P450 antibodies demonstrated that CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 were the major contributors for the formation of M7. Direct sulfation of brivanib was catalyzed by multiple SULT enzymes, including SULT1A1, SULT1B1, SULT2A1, SULT1A3, and SULT1E1. Because the primary in vitro oxidative metabolite (M7) was not detected in humans after oral doses of brivanib alaninate, further metabolism studies of M7 in HLM and human liver cytosol were performed. The data demonstrated that M7 was metabolized to the prominent metabolites observed in humans. Overall, multiple enzymes are involved in the metabolism of brivanib, suggesting a low potential for drug-drug interactions either through polymorphism or through inhibition of a particular drug-metabolizing enzyme. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.042457
BRIVANIB
Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as 10 uM furafylline-mediated inhibition of CYP1A2-mediated (R)-1-(4-(4-fluoro-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-indol-5-yloxy)-5-methylpyrrolo[1,2-f][1,2,4]triazin-6-yloxy)propan-2-ol formation at 2 and 20 uM for 30 mins by LC/MS analysis
Liver
Inhibition = 60.0 %
Reference
Title : Identification of the oxidative and conjugative enzymes involved in the biotransformation of brivanib. Authors : Gong J, Gan J, Iyer RA. Publication Year :
2012 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Brivanib alaninate, the L-alanine ester prodrug of brivanib, is currently being developed as an anticancer agent. In humans, brivanib alaninate is rapidly hydrolyzed to brivanib. Prominent biotransformation pathways of brivanib included oxidation and direct sulfate conjugation. A series of in vitro studies were conducted to identify the human esterases involved in the prodrug hydrolysis and to identify the primary human cytochrome P450 and sulfotransferase (SULT) enzymes involved in the metabolism of brivanib. Brivanib alaninate was efficiently converted to brivanib in the presence of either human carboxylesterase 1 or carboxylesterase 2. Because esterases are ubiquitous, it is likely that multiple esterases are involved in the hydrolysis. Oxidation of brivanib in human liver microsomes (HLM) primarily formed a hydroxylated metabolite (M7). Incubation of brivanib with human cDNA-expressed P450 enzymes and with HLM in the presence of selective chemical inhibitors and monoclonal P450 antibodies demonstrated that CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 were the major contributors for the formation of M7. Direct sulfation of brivanib was catalyzed by multiple SULT enzymes, including SULT1A1, SULT1B1, SULT2A1, SULT1A3, and SULT1E1. Because the primary in vitro oxidative metabolite (M7) was not detected in humans after oral doses of brivanib alaninate, further metabolism studies of M7 in HLM and human liver cytosol were performed. The data demonstrated that M7 was metabolized to the prominent metabolites observed in humans. Overall, multiple enzymes are involved in the metabolism of brivanib, suggesting a low potential for drug-drug interactions either through polymorphism or through inhibition of a particular drug-metabolizing enzyme. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.042457
CAFFEINE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
CPI-1205
Inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 10 uM relative to control
—
Inhibition = 15.0 %
Reference
Title : Identification of (R)-N-((4-Methoxy-6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-2-methyl-1-(1-(1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)piperidin-4-yl)ethyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide (CPI-1205), a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Histone Methyltransferase EZH2, Suitable for Phase I Clinical Trials for B-Cell Lymphomas. Authors : Vaswani RG,Gehling VS,Dakin LA,Cook AS,Nasveschuk CG,Duplessis M,Iyer P,Balasubramanian S,Zhao F,Good AC,Campbell R,Lee C,Cantone N,Cummings RT,Normant E,Bellon SF,Albrecht BK,Harmange JC,Trojer P,Audia JE,Zhang Y,Justin N,Chen S,Wilson JR,Gamblin SJ Publication Year :
2016 Journal : J Med Chem Abstract : Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) has been shown to play a major role in transcriptional silencing in part by installing methylation marks on lysine 27 of histone 3. Dysregulation of PRC2 function correlates with certain malignancies and poor prognosis. EZH2 is the catalytic engine of the PRC2 complex and thus represents a key candidate oncology target for pharmacological intervention. Here we report the optimization of our indole-based EZH2 inhibitor series that led to the identification of CPI-1205, a highly potent (biochemical IC = 0.002 μM, cellular EC = 0.032 μM) and selective inhibitor of EZH2. This compound demonstrates robust antitumor effects in a Karpas-422 xenograft model when dosed at 160 mg/kg BID and is currently in Phase I clinical trials. Additionally, we disclose the co-crystal structure of our inhibitor series bound to the human PRC2 complex. DOI : 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01315
DONEPEZIL
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
FASIGLIFAM
Inhibition of CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes at 5 uM using phenacetin as substrate by LC-MS/MS analysis relative to control
Liver
Inhibition = 28.0 %
Reference
Title : Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of novel GPR40 agonists containing nitrogen heterocyclic rings. Authors : Sun Z, Zhou T, Pan X, Yang Y, Huan Y, Xiao Z, Shen Z, Liu Z. Publication Year :
2018 Journal : Bioorg Med Chem Lett Abstract : A novel series of GPR40 agonists is designed by introducing nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring at the terminal phenyl ring of TAK-875 with the aim of decreasing its lipophilicity. Three different β-substituted phenylpropionic acids were investigated as the acidic components. A total of 34 compounds have been synthesized, among which, compound 30 exhibited comparable GPR40 agonistic activity in vitro with TAK-875 and relatively lower lipophilicity through calculation (30, EC50 = 1.2 μM, cLogP = 1.3; TAK-875: EC50 = 5.1 μM, cLogP = 3.4). Moreover, compound 30 was able to enhance the insulin secretion of primary islets isolated from normal ICR mice and showed no obvious inhibition against cytochromes P450 in vitro. In vivo, compound 30 exhibited efficacy in oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) in normal ICR mice. DOI : 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.07.048
FLUOXETINE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition = 12.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
FLUVOXAMINE
Inhibition of CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes using phenacetin as substrate at 10 uM preincubated for 5 mins followed by NADPH addition measured after 10 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis relative to control
Liver
Inhibition = 95.0 %
Reference
Title : Potent and Selective Human Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition by Optimization of the 2-Aminopyridine-Based Scaffold with a Pyridine Linker. Authors : Wang HY, Qin Y, Li H, Roman LJ, Martásek P, Poulos TL, Silverman RB. Publication Year :
2016 Journal : J. Med. Chem. Abstract : Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is an important therapeutic target for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders. A major challenge in the design of nNOS inhibitors focuses on potency in humans and selectivity over other NOS isoforms. Here we report potent and selective human nNOS inhibitors based on the 2-aminopyridine scaffold with a central pyridine linker. Compound 14j, the most promising inhibitor in this study, exhibits excellent potency for rat nNOS (Ki = 16 nM) with 828-fold n/e and 118-fold n/i selectivity with a Ki value of 13 nM against human nNOS with 1761-fold human n/e selectivity. Compound 14j also displayed good metabolic stability in human liver microsomes, low plasma protein binding, and minimal binding to cytochromes P450 (CYPs), although it had little to no Caco-2 permeability. DOI : 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00273
OLMESARTAN
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
PF-05105679
Inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 3 uM
—
Inhibition = 0.0 %
Reference
Title : Discovery of a Selective TRPM8 Antagonist with Clinical Efficacy in Cold-Related Pain. Authors : Andrews MD, Af Forselles K, Beaumont K, Galan SR, Glossop PA, Grenie M, Jessiman A, Kenyon AS, Lunn G, Maw G, Owen RM, Pryde DC, Roberts D, Tran TD. Publication Year :
2015 Journal : ACS Med. Chem. Lett. Abstract : The transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels comprises nonselective cation channels that respond to a wide range of chemical and thermal stimuli. TRPM8, a member of the melastatin subfamily, is activated by cold temperatures (<28 °C), and antagonists of this channel have the potential to treat cold induced allodynia and hyperalgesia. However, TRPM8 has also been implicated in mammalian thermoregulation and antagonists have the potential to induce hypothermia in patients. We report herein the identification and optimization of a series of TRPM8 antagonists that ultimately led to the discovery of PF-05105679. The clinical finding with this compound will be discussed, including both efficacy and its ability to affect thermoregulation processes in humans. DOI : 10.1021/ml500479v
PRAVASTATIN
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
PROCAINAMIDE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
PROPRANOLOL
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition = 25.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
QUINIDINE
Inhibition of CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes assessed as phenacetin demethylation to acetaminophen at 10 uM after 10 mins relative to control
Liver
Inhibition = 23.0 %
Reference
Title : Rational development of 4-aminopyridyl-based inhibitors targeting Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51 as anti-chagas agents. Authors : Choi JY, Calvet CM, Gunatilleke SS, Ruiz C, Cameron MD, McKerrow JH, Podust LM, Roush WR. Publication Year :
2013 Journal : J. Med. Chem. Abstract : A new series of 4-aminopyridyl-based lead inhibitors targeting Trypanosoma cruzi CYP51 (TcCYP51) has been developed using structure-based drug design as well as structure-property relationship (SPR) analyses. The screening hit starting point, LP10 (KD ≤ 42 nM; EC50 = 0.65 μM), has been optimized to give the potential leads 14t, 27i, 27q, 27r, and 27t, which have low-nanomolar binding affinity to TcCYP51 and significant activity against T. cruzi amastigotes cultured in human myoblasts (EC50 = 14-18 nM for 27i and 27r). Many of the optimized compounds have improved microsome stability, and most are selective against human CYPs 1A2, 2D6, and 3A4 (<50% inhibition at 1 μM). A rationale for the improvement in microsome stability and selectivity of inhibitors against human metabolic CYP enzymes is presented. In addition, the binding mode of 14t with the Trypanosoma brucei CYP51 (TbCYP51) orthologue has been characterized by X-ray structure analysis. DOI : 10.1021/jm401067s
RIMONABANT
Inhibition of CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes after 30 mins
Liver
IC50 > 20.0 nM
Reference
Title : Discovery of 2-(4-((1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-5-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (GCC2680) as a potent, selective and orally efficacious cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist. Authors : Lee J, Seo HJ, Lee SH, Kim J, Jung ME, Lee SH, Song KS, Lee J, Kang SY, Kim MJ, Kim MS, Son EJ, Lee M, Han HK. Publication Year :
2010 Journal : Bioorg. Med. Chem. Abstract : Structure-activity relationship studies in a series of diarylpyrazolyl thiadiazoles identified cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonists with excellent potency and selectivity. Based on its exceptional in vivo efficacy in animal models and its favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles, 2-(4-((1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-5-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (GCC2680) was selected as a preclinical candidate for the treatment of obesity. DOI : 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.013
ROSIGLITAZONE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
TALAZOPARIB
Inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 10 uM
—
Inhibition < 12.0 %
Reference
Title : Discovery and Characterization of (8S,9R)-5-Fluoro-8-(4-fluorophenyl)-9-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)-2,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrido[4,3,2-de]phthalazin-3-one (BMN 673, Talazoparib), a Novel, Highly Potent, and Orally Efficacious Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1/2 Inhibitor, as an Anticancer Agent. Authors : Wang B, Chu D, Feng Y, Shen Y, Aoyagi-Scharber M, Post LE. Publication Year :
2016 Journal : J. Med. Chem. Abstract : We discovered and developed a novel series of tetrahydropyridophthlazinones as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1 and 2 inhibitors. Lead optimization led to the identification of (8S,9R)-47 (talazoparib; BMN 673; (8S,9R)-5-fluoro-8-(4-fluorophenyl)-9-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)-2,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-pyrido[4,3,2-de]phthalazin-3-one). The novel stereospecific dual chiral-center-embedded structure of this compound has enabled extensive and unique binding interactions with PARP1/2 proteins. (8S,9R)-47 demonstrates excellent potency, inhibiting PARP1 and PARP2 enzyme activity with Ki = 1.2 and 0.87 nM, respectively. It inhibits PARP-mediated PARylation in a whole-cell assay with an EC50 of 2.51 nM and prevents proliferation of cancer cells carrying mutant BRCA1/2, with EC50 = 0.3 nM (MX-1) and 5 nM (Capan-1), respectively. (8S,9R)-47 is orally available, displaying favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and remarkable antitumor efficacy in the BRCA1 mutant MX-1 breast cancer xenograft model following oral administration as a single-agent or in combination with chemotherapy agents such as temozolomide and cisplatin. (8S,9R)-47 has completed phase 1 clinical trial and is currently being studied in phase 2 and 3 clinical trials for the treatment of locally advanced and/or metastatic breast cancer with germline BRCA1/2 deleterious mutations. DOI : 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01498
TAMOXIFEN
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
TARANABANT
Inhibition of CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes after 30 mins
Liver
IC50 > 20.0 nM
Reference
Title : Discovery of 2-(4-((1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-5-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (GCC2680) as a potent, selective and orally efficacious cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonist. Authors : Lee J, Seo HJ, Lee SH, Kim J, Jung ME, Lee SH, Song KS, Lee J, Kang SY, Kim MJ, Kim MS, Son EJ, Lee M, Han HK. Publication Year :
2010 Journal : Bioorg. Med. Chem. Abstract : Structure-activity relationship studies in a series of diarylpyrazolyl thiadiazoles identified cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonists with excellent potency and selectivity. Based on its exceptional in vivo efficacy in animal models and its favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicological profiles, 2-(4-((1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-5-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole (GCC2680) was selected as a preclinical candidate for the treatment of obesity. DOI : 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.07.013
TICLOPIDINE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition = 36.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
VERAPAMIL
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
WARFARIN
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition = 19.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
IMIPRAMINE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
ABIRATERONE
Inhibition of human hepatic CYP1A2 at 1 uM relative to control
—
Inhibition = 34.0 %
Reference
Title : Discovery of novel 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[4, 5]thieno[2, 3-c]pyridine derivatives as potent and selective CYP17 inhibitors. Authors : Wang M, Fang Y, Gu S, Chen F, Zhu Z, Sun X, Zhu J. Publication Year :
2017 Journal : Eur J Med Chem Abstract : The inhibition of CYP17 to block androgen biosynthesis is a well validated strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer. Herein we reported the design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) study for a series of novel 1,2,3,4- tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-c]pyridine derivatives. Some analogs demonstrated a potent inhibition to both rat and human CYP17 protein and reduced testosterone production in human H295R cell line. Some analogs also showed high selectivity against other CYP enzymes such as 3A4, 1A2, 2C9, 2C19 and 2D6, which may limit side effects due to drug-drug interactions. Among these analogs, the most potent compound 9c showed 1.5 fold more potent against rat and human CYP17 protein than that of abiraterone (IC50 = 16 nM and 20 nM vs. 25 nM and 36 nM respectively). In NCI-H295R cells, the inhibitory effect of compound 9c on testosterone production (52± 2%) was also more potent than that of abiraterone (74± 15%) at the concentration of 1 μM. Further, it was shown that 9c reduced plasma testosterone level in a dose-dependent manner in Sprague-Dawley rats. Thus, analog 9c maybe a potential agent used for the treatment of prostate cancer. DOI : 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.037
ABIRATERONE
Inhibition of human hepatic CYP1A2 at 10 uM relative to control
—
Inhibition = 92.5 %
Reference
Title : Discovery of novel 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[4, 5]thieno[2, 3-c]pyridine derivatives as potent and selective CYP17 inhibitors. Authors : Wang M, Fang Y, Gu S, Chen F, Zhu Z, Sun X, Zhu J. Publication Year :
2017 Journal : Eur J Med Chem Abstract : The inhibition of CYP17 to block androgen biosynthesis is a well validated strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer. Herein we reported the design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) study for a series of novel 1,2,3,4- tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-c]pyridine derivatives. Some analogs demonstrated a potent inhibition to both rat and human CYP17 protein and reduced testosterone production in human H295R cell line. Some analogs also showed high selectivity against other CYP enzymes such as 3A4, 1A2, 2C9, 2C19 and 2D6, which may limit side effects due to drug-drug interactions. Among these analogs, the most potent compound 9c showed 1.5 fold more potent against rat and human CYP17 protein than that of abiraterone (IC50 = 16 nM and 20 nM vs. 25 nM and 36 nM respectively). In NCI-H295R cells, the inhibitory effect of compound 9c on testosterone production (52± 2%) was also more potent than that of abiraterone (74± 15%) at the concentration of 1 μM. Further, it was shown that 9c reduced plasma testosterone level in a dose-dependent manner in Sprague-Dawley rats. Thus, analog 9c maybe a potential agent used for the treatment of prostate cancer. DOI : 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.037
CLOPIDOGREL
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
PIOGLITAZONE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
ZOMEPIRAC
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
AMINOPYRINE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
PF-00562271
Inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 10 uM relative to control
—
Inhibition = 91.2 %
Reference
Title : Authors : Publication Year : Journal :
LUMINESPIB
Inhibition of CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes at 10 uM after 20 mins
Liver
Inhibition = 23.0 %
Reference
Title : Discovery of potent N-(isoxazol-5-yl)amides as HSP90 inhibitors. Authors : Chen D, Shen A, Li J, Shi F, Chen W, Ren J, Liu H, Xu Y, Wang X, Yang X, Sun Y, Yang M, He J, Wang Y, Zhang L, Huang M, Geng M, Xiong B, Shen J. Publication Year :
2014 Journal : Eur. J. Med. Chem. Abstract : HSP90 is ubiquitously overexpressed in a broad spectrum of human cancers and has been recognized as an attractive target for cancer treatment. Here, we described the fragment screening, synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of small molecule inhibitors with 4,5-diarylisoxazole scaffold targeting HSP90. Among them, the compound N-(3-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-isopropylphenyl)-4-(4-((4-morpholinopiperidin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarboxamide (108) showed high affinity for binding to HSP90 (FP binding assay, IC50 = 0.030 μM) and inhibited the proliferation of various human cancer cell lines with averaging GI50 about 88 nM. Compound 108 exhibited its functional inhibition of HSP90 by depleting key signaling pathways and concomitantly elevating of HSP70 and HSP27 in U-87MG cells. Further in vivo studies showed that compound 108 strongly suppressed the tumor growth of human glioblastoma xenograft model U-87MG with T/C = 18.35% at 50 mg/kg q3w/2.5w. Moreover, compound 108 also exhibited good pharmacokinetic properties. Together, our study implicates that compound 108 is a promising candidate of HSP90 inhibitor and is currently advanced to preclinical study. DOI : 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.09.065
ADL-5747
Inhibition of human CYP1A2 at 10 uM
—
Inhibition = 0.0 %
Reference
Title : Spirocyclic delta opioid receptor agonists for the treatment of pain: discovery of N,N-diethyl-3-hydroxy-4-(spiro[chromene-2,4'-piperidine]-4-yl) benzamide (ADL5747). Authors : Le Bourdonnec B, Windh RT, Leister LK, Zhou QJ, Ajello CW, Gu M, Chu GH, Tuthill PA, Barker WM, Koblish M, Wiant DD, Graczyk TM, Belanger S, Cassel JA, Feschenko MS, Brogdon BL, Smith SA, Derelanko MJ, Kutz S, Little PJ, DeHaven RN, DeHaven-Hudkins DL, Dolle RE. Publication Year :
2009 Journal : J. Med. Chem. Abstract : Selective, nonpeptidic delta opioid receptor agonists have been the subject of great interest as potential novel analgesic agents. The discoveries of BW373U86 (1) and SNC80 (2) contributed to the rapid expansion of research in this field. However, poor drug-like properties and low therapeutic indices have prevented clinical evaluation of these agents. Doses of 1 and 2 similar to those required for analgesic activity produce convulsions in rodents and nonhuman primates. Recently, we described a novel series of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable delta opioid receptor agonists. The lead derivative, ADL5859 (4), is currently in phase II proof-of-concept studies for the management of pain. Further structure activity relationship exploration has led to the discovery of ADL5747 (36), which is approximately 50-fold more potent than 4 in an animal model of inflammatory pain. On the basis of its favorable efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic profile, 36 was selected as a clinical candidate for the treatment of pain. DOI : 10.1021/jm900773n
ASTEMIZOLE
Inhibition of CYP1A2-mediated phenacetin metabolite formation in human liver microsomes at 0.3 uM after 8 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis relative to control
Liver
Inhibition = -0.6 %
Reference
Title : Identifying a selective substrate and inhibitor pair for the evaluation of CYP2J2 activity. Authors : Lee CA, Jones JP, Katayama J, Kaspera R, Jiang Y, Freiwald S, Smith E, Walker GS, Totah RA. Publication Year :
2012 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : CYP2J2, an arachidonic acid epoxygenase, is recognized for its role in the first-pass metabolism of astemizole and ebastine. To fully assess the role of CYP2J2 in drug metabolism, a selective substrate and potent specific chemical inhibitor are essential. In this study, we report amiodarone 4-hydoxylation as a specific CYP2J2-catalyzed reaction with no CYP3A4, or other drug-metabolizing enzyme, involvement. Amiodarone 4-hydroxylation enabled the determination of liver relative activity factor and intersystem extrapolation factor for CYP2J2. Amiodarone 4-hydroxylation correlated with astemizole O-demethylation but not with CYP2J2 protein content in a sample of human liver microsomes. To identify a specific CYP2J2 inhibitor, 138 drugs were screened using terfenadine and astemizole as probe substrates with recombinant CYP2J2. Forty-two drugs inhibited CYP2J2 activity by ≥50% at 30 μM, but inhibition was substrate-dependent. Of these, danazol was a potent inhibitor of both hydroxylation of terfenadine (IC(50) = 77 nM) and O-demethylation of astemizole (K(i) = 20 nM), and inhibition was mostly competitive. Danazol inhibited CYP2C9, CYP2C8, and CYP2D6 with IC(50) values of 1.44, 1.95, and 2.74 μM, respectively. Amiodarone or astemizole were included in a seven-probe cocktail for cytochrome P450 (P450) drug-interaction screening potential, and astemizole demonstrated a better profile because it did not appreciably interact with other P450 probes. Thus, danazol, amiodarone, and astemizole will facilitate the ability to determine the metabolic role of CYP2J2 in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.043505
TACRINE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition = 28.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
TACRINE
Inhibition of recombinant human CYP1A2 expressed in insect cells at 1 uM using EOMCC as substrate pretreated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition measured every minute for 15 mins in presence of NADP+ by fluorescence assay relative to control
—
Inhibition = 45.0 %
Reference
Title : Cytochrome P450 binding studies of novel tacrine derivatives: Predicting the risk of hepatotoxicity. Authors : McEneny-King A, Osman W, Edginton AN, Rao PPN. Publication Year :
2017 Journal : Bioorg Med Chem Lett Abstract : The 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine derivative tacrine was the first drug approved to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is known to act as a potent cholinesterase inhibitor. However, tacrine was removed from the market due to its hepatotoxicity concerns as it undergoes metabolism to toxic quinonemethide species through the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1A2. Despite these challenges, tacrine serves as a useful template in the development of novel multi-targeting anti-AD agents. In this regard, we sought to evaluate the risk of hepatotoxicity in a series of C9 substituted tacrine derivatives that exhibit cholinesterase inhibition properties. The hepatotoxic potential of tacrine derivatives was evaluated using recombinant cytochrome (CYP) P450 CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 enzymes. Molecular docking studies were conducted to predict their binding modes and potential risk of forming hepatotoxic metabolites. Tacrine derivatives compound 1 (N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-amine) and 2 (6-chloro-N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-amine) which possess a C9 3,4-dimethoxybenzylamino substituent exhibited weak binding to CYP1A2 enzyme (1, IC50=33.0µM; 2, IC50=8.5µM) compared to tacrine (CYP1A2 IC50=1.5µM). Modeling studies show that the presence of a bulky 3,4-dimethoxybenzylamino C9 substituent prevents the orientation of the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine ring close to the heme-iron center of CYP1A2 thereby reducing the risk of forming hepatotoxic species. DOI : 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.006
TACRINE
Inhibition of recombinant human CYP1A2 expressed in insect cells at 10 uM using EOMCC as substrate pretreated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition measured every minute for 15 mins in presence of NADP+ by fluorescence assay relative to control
—
Inhibition = 75.0 %
Reference
Title : Cytochrome P450 binding studies of novel tacrine derivatives: Predicting the risk of hepatotoxicity. Authors : McEneny-King A, Osman W, Edginton AN, Rao PPN. Publication Year :
2017 Journal : Bioorg Med Chem Lett Abstract : The 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine derivative tacrine was the first drug approved to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is known to act as a potent cholinesterase inhibitor. However, tacrine was removed from the market due to its hepatotoxicity concerns as it undergoes metabolism to toxic quinonemethide species through the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1A2. Despite these challenges, tacrine serves as a useful template in the development of novel multi-targeting anti-AD agents. In this regard, we sought to evaluate the risk of hepatotoxicity in a series of C9 substituted tacrine derivatives that exhibit cholinesterase inhibition properties. The hepatotoxic potential of tacrine derivatives was evaluated using recombinant cytochrome (CYP) P450 CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 enzymes. Molecular docking studies were conducted to predict their binding modes and potential risk of forming hepatotoxic metabolites. Tacrine derivatives compound 1 (N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-amine) and 2 (6-chloro-N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-amine) which possess a C9 3,4-dimethoxybenzylamino substituent exhibited weak binding to CYP1A2 enzyme (1, IC50=33.0µM; 2, IC50=8.5µM) compared to tacrine (CYP1A2 IC50=1.5µM). Modeling studies show that the presence of a bulky 3,4-dimethoxybenzylamino C9 substituent prevents the orientation of the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine ring close to the heme-iron center of CYP1A2 thereby reducing the risk of forming hepatotoxic species. DOI : 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.006
TACRINE
Inhibition of recombinant human CYP1A2 expressed in insect cells at 20 uM using EOMCC as substrate pretreated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition measured every minute for 15 mins in presence of NADP+ by fluorescence assay relative to control
—
Inhibition = 75.0 %
Reference
Title : Cytochrome P450 binding studies of novel tacrine derivatives: Predicting the risk of hepatotoxicity. Authors : McEneny-King A, Osman W, Edginton AN, Rao PPN. Publication Year :
2017 Journal : Bioorg Med Chem Lett Abstract : The 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine derivative tacrine was the first drug approved to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is known to act as a potent cholinesterase inhibitor. However, tacrine was removed from the market due to its hepatotoxicity concerns as it undergoes metabolism to toxic quinonemethide species through the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1A2. Despite these challenges, tacrine serves as a useful template in the development of novel multi-targeting anti-AD agents. In this regard, we sought to evaluate the risk of hepatotoxicity in a series of C9 substituted tacrine derivatives that exhibit cholinesterase inhibition properties. The hepatotoxic potential of tacrine derivatives was evaluated using recombinant cytochrome (CYP) P450 CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 enzymes. Molecular docking studies were conducted to predict their binding modes and potential risk of forming hepatotoxic metabolites. Tacrine derivatives compound 1 (N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-amine) and 2 (6-chloro-N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-amine) which possess a C9 3,4-dimethoxybenzylamino substituent exhibited weak binding to CYP1A2 enzyme (1, IC50=33.0µM; 2, IC50=8.5µM) compared to tacrine (CYP1A2 IC50=1.5µM). Modeling studies show that the presence of a bulky 3,4-dimethoxybenzylamino C9 substituent prevents the orientation of the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine ring close to the heme-iron center of CYP1A2 thereby reducing the risk of forming hepatotoxic species. DOI : 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.006
TACRINE
Inhibition of recombinant human CYP1A2 expressed in insect cells at 0.01 uM using EOMCC as substrate pretreated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition measured every minute for 15 mins in presence of NADP+ by fluorescence assay relative to control
—
Inhibition = 14.0 %
Reference
Title : Cytochrome P450 binding studies of novel tacrine derivatives: Predicting the risk of hepatotoxicity. Authors : McEneny-King A, Osman W, Edginton AN, Rao PPN. Publication Year :
2017 Journal : Bioorg Med Chem Lett Abstract : The 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine derivative tacrine was the first drug approved to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is known to act as a potent cholinesterase inhibitor. However, tacrine was removed from the market due to its hepatotoxicity concerns as it undergoes metabolism to toxic quinonemethide species through the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1A2. Despite these challenges, tacrine serves as a useful template in the development of novel multi-targeting anti-AD agents. In this regard, we sought to evaluate the risk of hepatotoxicity in a series of C9 substituted tacrine derivatives that exhibit cholinesterase inhibition properties. The hepatotoxic potential of tacrine derivatives was evaluated using recombinant cytochrome (CYP) P450 CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 enzymes. Molecular docking studies were conducted to predict their binding modes and potential risk of forming hepatotoxic metabolites. Tacrine derivatives compound 1 (N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-amine) and 2 (6-chloro-N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-amine) which possess a C9 3,4-dimethoxybenzylamino substituent exhibited weak binding to CYP1A2 enzyme (1, IC50=33.0µM; 2, IC50=8.5µM) compared to tacrine (CYP1A2 IC50=1.5µM). Modeling studies show that the presence of a bulky 3,4-dimethoxybenzylamino C9 substituent prevents the orientation of the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine ring close to the heme-iron center of CYP1A2 thereby reducing the risk of forming hepatotoxic species. DOI : 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.006
BERGAPTEN
Inhibition of recombinant human CYP1A2 expressed in baker's yeast-derived microsomes (Sacchrosomes) at 10 uM using 3-cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin substrate by EROD assay relative to control
—
Inhibition = 73.0 %
Reference
Title : Identification of karanjin isolated from the Indian beech tree as a potent CYP1 enzyme inhibitor with cellular efficacy <i>via</i> screening of a natural product repository. Authors : Joshi P, Sonawane VR, Williams IS, McCann GJP, Gatchie L, Sharma R, Satti N, Chaudhuri B, Bharate SB. Publication Year :
2018 Journal : MedChemComm Abstract : CYP1A1 is thought to mediate carcinogenesis in oral, lung and epithelial cancers. In order to identify a CYP1A1 inhibitor from an edible plant, 394 natural products in the IIIM's natural product repository were screened, at 10 μM concentration, using CYP1A1-Sacchrosomes™ (<i>i.e.</i> microsomal enzyme isolated from recombinant baker's yeast). Twenty-seven natural products were identified that inhibited 40-97% of CYP1A1's 7-ethoxyresorufin-<i>O</i>-deethylase activity. The IC<sub>50</sub> values of the 'hits', belonging to different chemical scaffolds, were determined. Their selectivity was studied against a panel of 8 CYP-Sacchrosomes™. In order to assess cellular efficacy, the 'hits' were screened for their capability to inhibit CYP enzymes expressed within live recombinant human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells from plasmids encoding specific CYP genes (1A2, 1B1, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4). Isopimpinellin (IN-475; IC<sub>50</sub>, 20 nM) and karanjin (IN-195; IC<sub>50</sub>, 30 nM) showed the most potent inhibition of CYP1A1 in human cells. Isopimpinellin is found in celery, parsnip, fruits and in the rind and pulp of limes whereas different parts of the Indian beech tree, which contain karanjin, have been used in traditional medicine. Both isopimpinellin and karanjin negate the cellular toxicity of CYP1A1-mediated benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations with CYP isoforms rationalize the observed trends in the potency and selectivity of isopimpinellin and karanjin. DOI : 10.1039/C7MD00388A
BERGAPTEN
Inhibition of human recombinant CYP1A2 expressed in HEK293 cells using 3-cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 60 mins by fluorescence assay relative to control
—
Ki = 60.0 nM
Reference
Title : Identification of karanjin isolated from the Indian beech tree as a potent CYP1 enzyme inhibitor with cellular efficacy <i>via</i> screening of a natural product repository. Authors : Joshi P, Sonawane VR, Williams IS, McCann GJP, Gatchie L, Sharma R, Satti N, Chaudhuri B, Bharate SB. Publication Year :
2018 Journal : MedChemComm Abstract : CYP1A1 is thought to mediate carcinogenesis in oral, lung and epithelial cancers. In order to identify a CYP1A1 inhibitor from an edible plant, 394 natural products in the IIIM's natural product repository were screened, at 10 μM concentration, using CYP1A1-Sacchrosomes™ (<i>i.e.</i> microsomal enzyme isolated from recombinant baker's yeast). Twenty-seven natural products were identified that inhibited 40-97% of CYP1A1's 7-ethoxyresorufin-<i>O</i>-deethylase activity. The IC<sub>50</sub> values of the 'hits', belonging to different chemical scaffolds, were determined. Their selectivity was studied against a panel of 8 CYP-Sacchrosomes™. In order to assess cellular efficacy, the 'hits' were screened for their capability to inhibit CYP enzymes expressed within live recombinant human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells from plasmids encoding specific CYP genes (1A2, 1B1, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4). Isopimpinellin (IN-475; IC<sub>50</sub>, 20 nM) and karanjin (IN-195; IC<sub>50</sub>, 30 nM) showed the most potent inhibition of CYP1A1 in human cells. Isopimpinellin is found in celery, parsnip, fruits and in the rind and pulp of limes whereas different parts of the Indian beech tree, which contain karanjin, have been used in traditional medicine. Both isopimpinellin and karanjin negate the cellular toxicity of CYP1A1-mediated benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations with CYP isoforms rationalize the observed trends in the potency and selectivity of isopimpinellin and karanjin. DOI : 10.1039/C7MD00388A
BERGAPTEN
Inhibition of human recombinant CYP1A2 expressed in HEK293 cells using 3-cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 60 mins by fluorescence assay relative to control
—
IC50 = 90.0 nM
Reference
Title : Identification of karanjin isolated from the Indian beech tree as a potent CYP1 enzyme inhibitor with cellular efficacy <i>via</i> screening of a natural product repository. Authors : Joshi P, Sonawane VR, Williams IS, McCann GJP, Gatchie L, Sharma R, Satti N, Chaudhuri B, Bharate SB. Publication Year :
2018 Journal : MedChemComm Abstract : CYP1A1 is thought to mediate carcinogenesis in oral, lung and epithelial cancers. In order to identify a CYP1A1 inhibitor from an edible plant, 394 natural products in the IIIM's natural product repository were screened, at 10 μM concentration, using CYP1A1-Sacchrosomes™ (<i>i.e.</i> microsomal enzyme isolated from recombinant baker's yeast). Twenty-seven natural products were identified that inhibited 40-97% of CYP1A1's 7-ethoxyresorufin-<i>O</i>-deethylase activity. The IC<sub>50</sub> values of the 'hits', belonging to different chemical scaffolds, were determined. Their selectivity was studied against a panel of 8 CYP-Sacchrosomes™. In order to assess cellular efficacy, the 'hits' were screened for their capability to inhibit CYP enzymes expressed within live recombinant human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells from plasmids encoding specific CYP genes (1A2, 1B1, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4). Isopimpinellin (IN-475; IC<sub>50</sub>, 20 nM) and karanjin (IN-195; IC<sub>50</sub>, 30 nM) showed the most potent inhibition of CYP1A1 in human cells. Isopimpinellin is found in celery, parsnip, fruits and in the rind and pulp of limes whereas different parts of the Indian beech tree, which contain karanjin, have been used in traditional medicine. Both isopimpinellin and karanjin negate the cellular toxicity of CYP1A1-mediated benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations with CYP isoforms rationalize the observed trends in the potency and selectivity of isopimpinellin and karanjin. DOI : 10.1039/C7MD00388A
TICRYNAFEN
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
MAVELERTINIB
Inhibition of human CYP1A2 at 10 uM
—
Inhibition < 30.0 %
Reference
Title : Discovery of N-((3R,4R)-4-Fluoro-1-(6-((3-methoxy-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino)-9-methyl-9H-purin-2-yl)pyrrolidine-3-yl)acrylamide (PF-06747775) through Structure-Based Drug Design: A High Affinity Irreversible Inhibitor Targeting Oncogenic EGFR Mutants with Selectivity over Wild-Type EGFR. Authors : Planken S, Behenna DC, Nair SK, Johnson TO, Nagata A, Almaden C, Bailey S, Ballard TE, Bernier L, Cheng H, Cho-Schultz S, Dalvie D, Deal JG, Dinh DM, Edwards MP, Ferre RA, Gajiwala KS, Hemkens M, Kania RS, Kath JC, Matthews J, Murray BW, Niessen S, Orr ST, Pairish M, Sach NW, Shen H, Shi M, Solowiej J, Tran K, Tseng E, Vicini P, Wang Y, Weinrich SL, Zhou R, Zientek M, Liu L, Luo Y, Xin S, Zhang C, Lafontaine J. Publication Year :
2017 Journal : J Med Chem Abstract : Mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a major driver of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Marketed first generation inhibitors, such as erlotinib, effect a transient beneficial response in EGFR mutant NSCLC patients before resistance mechanisms render these inhibitors ineffective. Secondary oncogenic EGFR mutations account for approximately 50% of relapses, the most common being the gatekeeper T790M substitution that renders existing therapies ineffective. The discovery of PF-06459988 (1), an irreversible pyrrolopyrimidine inhibitor of EGFR T790M mutants, was recently disclosed.1 Herein, we describe our continued efforts to achieve potency across EGFR oncogenic mutations and improved kinome selectivity, resulting in the discovery of clinical candidate PF-06747775 (21), which provides potent EGFR activity against the four common mutants (exon 19 deletion (Del), L858R, and double mutants T790M/L858R and T790M/Del), selectivity over wild-type EGFR, and desirable ADME properties. Compound 21 is currently being evaluated in phase-I clinical trials of mutant EGFR driven NSCLC. DOI : 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01894
CANNABINOL
Competitive inhibition of human liver microsomes CYP1A2 expressed in supersomes coexpressing NADPH-CYP reductase using 7-Ethoxyresorufin as substrate measured every 5 mins for 30 mins in presence of NADPH by fluorescence assay
Liver
Ki = 79.0 nM
Reference
Title : Inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1. Authors : Dutour R, Poirier D. Publication Year :
2017 Journal : Eur J Med Chem Abstract : Human cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is involved in the metabolism of various drugs. This enzyme catalyzes the hydroxylation of aryl compounds, thus generating more polar metabolites that can be easily excreted. CYP1B1 is also known for its ability to activate procarcinogens into carcinogens. For example, it can hydroxylate 17β-estradiol (E2) into 4-hydroxy-E2, which can promote tumorigenesis as a potent estrogen, or after being transformed into E2-3,4-quinone. Since elevated expression levels of CYP1B1 have been reported in various cancers, but not in normal tissues, this enzyme represents an interesting therapeutic target. This review put emphasis on different families of inhibitors, especially those reported since 2003. DOI : 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.04.042
AZD-3759
Inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin)
—
IC50 > 50.0 nM
Reference
Title : Discovery and Evaluation of Clinical Candidate AZD3759, a Potent, Oral Active, Central Nervous System-Penetrant, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor. Authors : Zeng Q, Wang J, Cheng Z, Chen K, Johnström P, Varnäs K, Li DY, Yang ZF, Zhang X. Publication Year :
2015 Journal : J. Med. Chem. Abstract : Recent reports suggest that an increasing number of patients with lung cancer, especially those with activating mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), also present with brain metastases and leptomeningeal metastases. These patients have poor prognosis as there are no approved drugs for these indications. Available agents have poor efficacy for these patients even at well above their standard dose. Herein, we report the discovery of (4-[(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)amino]-7-methoxyquinazolin-6-yl (2R)-2,4-dimethylpiperazine-1-carboxylate 1m (AZD3759), an investigational drug currently in Phase 1 clinical trial, which has excellent central nervous system penetration and which induces profound regression of brain metastases in a mouse model. DOI : 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01073
PHENACETIN
Inhibition of human CYP1A2 at 10 uM
—
Inhibition = 83.68 %
Reference
Title : Novel Pyrrolopyridone Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal Motif (BET) Inhibitors Effective in Endocrine-Resistant ER+ Breast Cancer with Acquired Resistance to Fulvestrant and Palbociclib. Authors : Li Y, Zhao J, Gutgesell LM, Shen Z, Ratia K, Dye K, Dubrovskyi O, Zhao H, Huang F, Tonetti DA, Thatcher GRJ, Xiong R. Publication Year :
2020 Journal : J Med Chem Abstract : Acquired resistance to fulvestrant and palbociclib is a new challenge to treatment of estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer. ER is expressed in most resistance settings; thus, bromodomain and extra-terminal protein inhibitors (BETi) that target BET-amplified ER-mediated transcription have therapeutic potential. Novel pyrrolopyridone BETi leveraged novel interactions with L92/L94 confirmed by a cocrystal structure of 27 with BRD4. Optimization of BETi using growth inhibition in fulvestrant-resistant (MCF-7:CFR) cells was confirmed in endocrine-resistant, palbociclib-resistant, and ESR1 mutant cell lines. 27 was more potent in MCF-7:CFR cells than six BET inhibitors in clinical trials. Transcriptomic analysis differentiated 27 from the benchmark BETi, JQ-1, showing downregulation of oncogenes and upregulation of tumor suppressors and apoptosis. The therapeutic approach was validated by oral administration of 27 in orthotopic xenografts of endocrine-resistant breast cancer in monotherapy and in combination with fulvestrant. Importantly, at an equivalent dose in rats, thrombocytopenia was mitigated. DOI : 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00456
VACTOSERTIB
Inhibition of CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes using phenacetin as substrate at 10 uM incubated for 5 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 10 mins by LC/MS/MS analysis
Liver
Inhibition = 23.3 %
Reference
Title : Discovery of N-((4-([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)-5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-2-fluoroaniline (EW-7197): a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of TGF-β type I receptor kinase as cancer immunotherapeutic/antifibrotic agent. Authors : Jin CH, Krishnaiah M, Sreenu D, Subrahmanyam VB, Rao KS, Lee HJ, Park SJ, Park HJ, Lee K, Sheen YY, Kim DK. Publication Year :
2014 Journal : J. Med. Chem. Abstract : A series of 2-substituted-4-([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl)-5-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)imidazoles was synthesized and evaluated to optimize a prototype inhibitor of TGF-β type I receptor kinase (ALK5), 6. Combination of replacement of a quinoxalin-6-yl moiety of 6 with a [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl moiety, insertion of a methyleneamino linker, and a o-F substituent in the phenyl ring markedly increased ALK5 inhibitory activity, kinase selectivity, and oral bioavailability. The 12b (EW-7197) inhibited ALK5 with IC50 value of 0.013 μM in a kinase assay and with IC50 values of 0.0165 and 0.0121 μM in HaCaT (3TP-luc) stable cells and 4T1 (3TP-luc) stable cells, respectively, in a luciferase assay. Selectivity profiling of 12b using a panel of 320 protein kinases revealed that it is a highly selective ALK5/ALK4 inhibitor. Pharmacokinetic study with 12b·HCl in rats showed an oral bioavailability of 51% with high systemic exposure (AUC) of 1426 ng × h/mL and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 1620 ng/mL. Rational optimization of 6 has led to the identification of a highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable ALK5 inhibitor 12b. DOI : 10.1021/jm500115w
INDOMETHACIN
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
PLUMBAGIN
Inhibition of recombinant human CYP1A2 expressed in baker's yeast-derived microsomes (Sacchrosomes) at 10 uM using 3-cyano-7-ethoxycoumarin substrate by EROD assay relative to control
—
Inhibition = 55.0 %
Reference
Title : Identification of karanjin isolated from the Indian beech tree as a potent CYP1 enzyme inhibitor with cellular efficacy <i>via</i> screening of a natural product repository. Authors : Joshi P, Sonawane VR, Williams IS, McCann GJP, Gatchie L, Sharma R, Satti N, Chaudhuri B, Bharate SB. Publication Year :
2018 Journal : MedChemComm Abstract : CYP1A1 is thought to mediate carcinogenesis in oral, lung and epithelial cancers. In order to identify a CYP1A1 inhibitor from an edible plant, 394 natural products in the IIIM's natural product repository were screened, at 10 μM concentration, using CYP1A1-Sacchrosomes™ (<i>i.e.</i> microsomal enzyme isolated from recombinant baker's yeast). Twenty-seven natural products were identified that inhibited 40-97% of CYP1A1's 7-ethoxyresorufin-<i>O</i>-deethylase activity. The IC<sub>50</sub> values of the 'hits', belonging to different chemical scaffolds, were determined. Their selectivity was studied against a panel of 8 CYP-Sacchrosomes™. In order to assess cellular efficacy, the 'hits' were screened for their capability to inhibit CYP enzymes expressed within live recombinant human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells from plasmids encoding specific CYP genes (1A2, 1B1, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4). Isopimpinellin (IN-475; IC<sub>50</sub>, 20 nM) and karanjin (IN-195; IC<sub>50</sub>, 30 nM) showed the most potent inhibition of CYP1A1 in human cells. Isopimpinellin is found in celery, parsnip, fruits and in the rind and pulp of limes whereas different parts of the Indian beech tree, which contain karanjin, have been used in traditional medicine. Both isopimpinellin and karanjin negate the cellular toxicity of CYP1A1-mediated benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene. Molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations with CYP isoforms rationalize the observed trends in the potency and selectivity of isopimpinellin and karanjin. DOI : 10.1039/C7MD00388A
EXEMESTANE
Drug metabolism assessed as human recombinant CYP1A2-mediated 17-hydroexemestane and 6-Hydroxymethylexemestane formation assessed as inhibition of metabolite formation at 10 uM after 10 mins by Michaelis-Menten saturation curve analysis in presence of 20 uM furafylline
—
Inhibition < 20.0 %
Reference
Title : In vitro cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of exemestane. Authors : Kamdem LK, Flockhart DA, Desta Z. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Exemestane is a potent and irreversible steroidal aromatase inhibitor drug used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. Our aim was to identify and assess the contribution of the specific cytochromes P450 (P450s) responsible for exemestane primary in vitro metabolism. With the use of high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analytical techniques, 17-hydroexemestane (MI) formation and 6-hydroxymethylexemestane (MII) formation were found to be the predominant exemestane metabolic pathways. In a bank of 15 well characterized human liver microsomes with known P450 isoform-specific activities, the MI formation rate correlated significantly with CYP1A2 (Spearman r = 0.60, p = 0.02) and CYP4A11 (Spearman r = 0.67, p = 0.01) isoform-specific activities, whereas the MII production rate significantly correlated with CYP2B6 (Spearman r = 0.57, p = 0.03) and CYP3A (Spearman r = 0.76, p = 0.005) isoform-specific activities. Recombinant CYP1A1 metabolized exemestane to MI with a catalytic efficiency (Cl(int)) of 150 nl/pmol P450 × min that was at least 3.5-fold higher than those of other P450s investigated. Recombinant CYP3A4 catalyzed MII formation from exemestane with a catalytic efficiency of 840 nl/pmol P450 × min that was at least 4-fold higher than those of other P450s investigated. Among a panel of 10 chemical inhibitors tested, only ketoconazole and troleandomycin (CYP3A-specific chemical inhibitors) significantly inhibited the formation of MII by 45 and 95%, respectively. None of them markedly inhibited the formation of MI. In summary, exemestane seems to be metabolized to MI by multiple P450s that include CYP4A11 and CYP1A1/2, whereas its oxidation to MII is primarily mediated by CYP3A. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.110.032276
NEVIRAPINE
Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system
—
Inhibition < 10.0 %
Reference
Title : Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites. Authors : Nakayama S, Takakusa H, Watanabe A, Miyaji Y, Suzuki W, Sugiyama D, Shiosakai K, Honda K, Okudaira N, Izumi T, Okazaki O. Publication Year :
2011 Journal : Drug Metab. Dispos. Abstract : Covalent binding (CB) of reactive metabolites (RMs) is potentially involved in severe adverse drug reactions. Because the CB assay is of low throughput and costly, a qualitative trapping assay using agents such as [(35)S]GSH is often performed in the early stages of drug discovery. However, trapping methods alone cannot replace the CB assay. We hypothesized that the time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assay might be complementary to the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay in detecting RMs. We performed CB assays, [(35)S]GSH trapping assays, and TDI assays for 42 structurally diverse compounds. First, we showed that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay alone does not correlate with the extent of CB. Four compounds that the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay failed to detect but that showed high extent of CB were inactivators of the enzyme in the TDI assay. There was a tendency for compounds judged as positive in the TDI assay to show a high degree of CB irrespective of the result of the [(35)S]GSH trapping assay. Finally, to combine parameters from the two assays, we introduced intrinsic clearance to describe the formation of RMs (CL(int, RMs)). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between the extent of CB and CL(int, RMs) was 0.77 (p < 0.0001), which was better than that for the formation rates of [(35)S]GSH adducts. Therefore, we demonstrated that a combination of the [(35)S]GSH trapping and TDI assays is an effective method for detecting compounds potentially capable of generating highly reactive metabolites in the early stages of drug discovery. DOI : 10.1124/dmd.111.039180
ALDUMASTAT
Inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 10 uM
—
Inhibition < 50.0 %
Reference
Title : Authors : Publication Year : Journal :
ZIMLOVISERTIB
Inhibition of CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes at 3 uM
Liver
Inhibition < 5.0 %
Reference
Title : Discovery of Clinical Candidate 1-{[(2S,3S,4S)-3-Ethyl-4-fluoro-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl]methoxy}-7-methoxyisoquinoline-6-carboxamide (PF-06650833), a Potent, Selective Inhibitor of Interleukin-1 Receptor Associated Kinase 4 (IRAK4), by Fragment-Based Drug Design. Authors : Lee KL, Ambler CM, Anderson DR, Boscoe BP, Bree AG, Brodfuehrer JI, Chang JS, Choi C, Chung S, Curran KJ, Day JE, Dehnhardt CM, Dower K, Drozda SE, Frisbie RK, Gavrin LK, Goldberg JA, Han S, Hegen M, Hepworth D, Hope HR, Kamtekar S, Kilty IC, Lee A, Lin LL, Lovering FE, Lowe MD, Mathias JP, Morgan HM, Murphy EA, Papaioannou N, Patny A, Pierce BS, Rao VR, Saiah E, Samardjiev IJ, Samas BM, Shen MWH, Shin JH, Soutter HH, Strohbach JW, Symanowicz PT, Thomason JR, Trzupek JD, Vargas R, Vincent F, Yan J, Zapf CW, Wright SW. Publication Year :
2017 Journal : J Med Chem Abstract : Through fragment-based drug design focused on engaging the active site of IRAK4 and leveraging three-dimensional topology in a ligand-efficient manner, a micromolar hit identified from a screen of a Pfizer fragment library was optimized to afford IRAK4 inhibitors with nanomolar potency in cellular assays. The medicinal chemistry effort featured the judicious placement of lipophilicity, informed by co-crystal structures with IRAK4 and optimization of ADME properties to deliver clinical candidate PF-06650833 (compound 40). This compound displays a 5-unit increase in lipophilic efficiency from the fragment hit, excellent kinase selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties suitable for oral administration. DOI : 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00231
EMAVUSERTIB
Inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 1 uM relative to control
