|
Contact toxicity against Apis mellifera (honey bee) assessed per bee
|
Apis mellifera
|
1.0
ug
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Title : Compatibility of traditional and novel acaricides with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris): a first laboratory assessment of toxicity and sublethal effects.
Year : 2010
Volume : 66
Issue : 7
First Page : 786
Last Page : 793
Authors : Besard L, Mommaerts V, Vandeven J, Cuvelier X, Sterk G, Smagghe G.
Abstract : BACKGROUND: This project assessed the potential hazards of different classical and novel acaricides against an important non-target and beneficial insect for the pollination of wild flowers and cultivated crops, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L). Twenty-three acaricides used commercially in the control of phytophagous mites (Acari) were tested in greenhouses and/or the open field. Side effects included acute mortality and also sublethal effects on nest reproduction. The different compounds were administered in the laboratory via three different worst-case field scenario routes of exposure: dermal contact and orally via the drinking of treated sugar water and via treated pollen. The compounds were tested at their respective maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC), and, when strong lethal effects were observed, a dose-response assay with a dilution series of the MFRC was undertaken to calculate LC(50) values. RESULTS: From the different acaricide classes, several chemistries caused high levels of acute toxicity in bumblebee workers, especially bifenthrin and abamectin which resulted in 100% mortality by contact. In addition, several acaricides tested were found to have a detrimental effect on drone production. For oral exposures via treated sugar water, the dose-response assay showed the LC(50) values for abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole to be 1/15 MFRC (1.17 mg AI L(-1)), 1/10 MFRC (9.6 mg AI L(-1)), 1/83 MFRC (0.36 mg AI L(-1)) and 1/13 MFRC (4.4 mg AI L(-1)) respectively, indicating that their use should be carefully evaluated. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results suggest that most of the acaricides tested are compatible with bumblebees, with the exceptions of abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole. However, the risks also depended on the type of treatment. As a result, the sugar water treatment seems to present the worst-case situation of exposure, indicating that this approach is suitable for determining the hazards of pesticides against bumblebees. Finally, it is suggested that future tier testing under more field-related conditions is required for a final decision of their risks.
|
Contact toxicity against Bombus terrestris (bumblebee) assessed per bee
|
Bombus terrestris
|
100.0
ug
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Title : Compatibility of traditional and novel acaricides with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris): a first laboratory assessment of toxicity and sublethal effects.
Year : 2010
Volume : 66
Issue : 7
First Page : 786
Last Page : 793
Authors : Besard L, Mommaerts V, Vandeven J, Cuvelier X, Sterk G, Smagghe G.
Abstract : BACKGROUND: This project assessed the potential hazards of different classical and novel acaricides against an important non-target and beneficial insect for the pollination of wild flowers and cultivated crops, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L). Twenty-three acaricides used commercially in the control of phytophagous mites (Acari) were tested in greenhouses and/or the open field. Side effects included acute mortality and also sublethal effects on nest reproduction. The different compounds were administered in the laboratory via three different worst-case field scenario routes of exposure: dermal contact and orally via the drinking of treated sugar water and via treated pollen. The compounds were tested at their respective maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC), and, when strong lethal effects were observed, a dose-response assay with a dilution series of the MFRC was undertaken to calculate LC(50) values. RESULTS: From the different acaricide classes, several chemistries caused high levels of acute toxicity in bumblebee workers, especially bifenthrin and abamectin which resulted in 100% mortality by contact. In addition, several acaricides tested were found to have a detrimental effect on drone production. For oral exposures via treated sugar water, the dose-response assay showed the LC(50) values for abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole to be 1/15 MFRC (1.17 mg AI L(-1)), 1/10 MFRC (9.6 mg AI L(-1)), 1/83 MFRC (0.36 mg AI L(-1)) and 1/13 MFRC (4.4 mg AI L(-1)) respectively, indicating that their use should be carefully evaluated. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results suggest that most of the acaricides tested are compatible with bumblebees, with the exceptions of abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole. However, the risks also depended on the type of treatment. As a result, the sugar water treatment seems to present the worst-case situation of exposure, indicating that this approach is suitable for determining the hazards of pesticides against bumblebees. Finally, it is suggested that future tier testing under more field-related conditions is required for a final decision of their risks.
|
Contact toxicity against Apis mellifera (honey bee) assessed per bee after 48 hr
|
Apis mellifera
|
8.5
ug
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Title : Compatibility of traditional and novel acaricides with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris): a first laboratory assessment of toxicity and sublethal effects.
Year : 2010
Volume : 66
Issue : 7
First Page : 786
Last Page : 793
Authors : Besard L, Mommaerts V, Vandeven J, Cuvelier X, Sterk G, Smagghe G.
Abstract : BACKGROUND: This project assessed the potential hazards of different classical and novel acaricides against an important non-target and beneficial insect for the pollination of wild flowers and cultivated crops, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L). Twenty-three acaricides used commercially in the control of phytophagous mites (Acari) were tested in greenhouses and/or the open field. Side effects included acute mortality and also sublethal effects on nest reproduction. The different compounds were administered in the laboratory via three different worst-case field scenario routes of exposure: dermal contact and orally via the drinking of treated sugar water and via treated pollen. The compounds were tested at their respective maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC), and, when strong lethal effects were observed, a dose-response assay with a dilution series of the MFRC was undertaken to calculate LC(50) values. RESULTS: From the different acaricide classes, several chemistries caused high levels of acute toxicity in bumblebee workers, especially bifenthrin and abamectin which resulted in 100% mortality by contact. In addition, several acaricides tested were found to have a detrimental effect on drone production. For oral exposures via treated sugar water, the dose-response assay showed the LC(50) values for abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole to be 1/15 MFRC (1.17 mg AI L(-1)), 1/10 MFRC (9.6 mg AI L(-1)), 1/83 MFRC (0.36 mg AI L(-1)) and 1/13 MFRC (4.4 mg AI L(-1)) respectively, indicating that their use should be carefully evaluated. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results suggest that most of the acaricides tested are compatible with bumblebees, with the exceptions of abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole. However, the risks also depended on the type of treatment. As a result, the sugar water treatment seems to present the worst-case situation of exposure, indicating that this approach is suitable for determining the hazards of pesticides against bumblebees. Finally, it is suggested that future tier testing under more field-related conditions is required for a final decision of their risks.
|
Toxicity against po dosed worker Bombus terrestris (bumblebee) administered through sugar water for 11 weeks measured everyday for 3 days followed by once a week for 11 weeks
|
Bombus terrestris
|
0.096
mgAi/L
|
|
Toxicity against po dosed worker Bombus terrestris (bumblebee) administered through sugar water for 11 weeks measured everyday for 3 days followed by once a week for 11 weeks
|
Bombus terrestris
|
9.6
mgAi/L
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Title : Compatibility of traditional and novel acaricides with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris): a first laboratory assessment of toxicity and sublethal effects.
Year : 2010
Volume : 66
Issue : 7
First Page : 786
Last Page : 793
Authors : Besard L, Mommaerts V, Vandeven J, Cuvelier X, Sterk G, Smagghe G.
Abstract : BACKGROUND: This project assessed the potential hazards of different classical and novel acaricides against an important non-target and beneficial insect for the pollination of wild flowers and cultivated crops, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L). Twenty-three acaricides used commercially in the control of phytophagous mites (Acari) were tested in greenhouses and/or the open field. Side effects included acute mortality and also sublethal effects on nest reproduction. The different compounds were administered in the laboratory via three different worst-case field scenario routes of exposure: dermal contact and orally via the drinking of treated sugar water and via treated pollen. The compounds were tested at their respective maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC), and, when strong lethal effects were observed, a dose-response assay with a dilution series of the MFRC was undertaken to calculate LC(50) values. RESULTS: From the different acaricide classes, several chemistries caused high levels of acute toxicity in bumblebee workers, especially bifenthrin and abamectin which resulted in 100% mortality by contact. In addition, several acaricides tested were found to have a detrimental effect on drone production. For oral exposures via treated sugar water, the dose-response assay showed the LC(50) values for abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole to be 1/15 MFRC (1.17 mg AI L(-1)), 1/10 MFRC (9.6 mg AI L(-1)), 1/83 MFRC (0.36 mg AI L(-1)) and 1/13 MFRC (4.4 mg AI L(-1)) respectively, indicating that their use should be carefully evaluated. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results suggest that most of the acaricides tested are compatible with bumblebees, with the exceptions of abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole. However, the risks also depended on the type of treatment. As a result, the sugar water treatment seems to present the worst-case situation of exposure, indicating that this approach is suitable for determining the hazards of pesticides against bumblebees. Finally, it is suggested that future tier testing under more field-related conditions is required for a final decision of their risks.
|
Toxicity against worker Bombus terrestris (bumblebee) assessed as reduction in reproduction at 96 mg a.i./l, po administered through sugar water for 11 weeks measured once a week for 11 weeks relative to control
|
Bombus terrestris
|
None
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Title : Compatibility of traditional and novel acaricides with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris): a first laboratory assessment of toxicity and sublethal effects.
Year : 2010
Volume : 66
Issue : 7
First Page : 786
Last Page : 793
Authors : Besard L, Mommaerts V, Vandeven J, Cuvelier X, Sterk G, Smagghe G.
Abstract : BACKGROUND: This project assessed the potential hazards of different classical and novel acaricides against an important non-target and beneficial insect for the pollination of wild flowers and cultivated crops, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L). Twenty-three acaricides used commercially in the control of phytophagous mites (Acari) were tested in greenhouses and/or the open field. Side effects included acute mortality and also sublethal effects on nest reproduction. The different compounds were administered in the laboratory via three different worst-case field scenario routes of exposure: dermal contact and orally via the drinking of treated sugar water and via treated pollen. The compounds were tested at their respective maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC), and, when strong lethal effects were observed, a dose-response assay with a dilution series of the MFRC was undertaken to calculate LC(50) values. RESULTS: From the different acaricide classes, several chemistries caused high levels of acute toxicity in bumblebee workers, especially bifenthrin and abamectin which resulted in 100% mortality by contact. In addition, several acaricides tested were found to have a detrimental effect on drone production. For oral exposures via treated sugar water, the dose-response assay showed the LC(50) values for abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole to be 1/15 MFRC (1.17 mg AI L(-1)), 1/10 MFRC (9.6 mg AI L(-1)), 1/83 MFRC (0.36 mg AI L(-1)) and 1/13 MFRC (4.4 mg AI L(-1)) respectively, indicating that their use should be carefully evaluated. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results suggest that most of the acaricides tested are compatible with bumblebees, with the exceptions of abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole. However, the risks also depended on the type of treatment. As a result, the sugar water treatment seems to present the worst-case situation of exposure, indicating that this approach is suitable for determining the hazards of pesticides against bumblebees. Finally, it is suggested that future tier testing under more field-related conditions is required for a final decision of their risks.
|
Toxicity against worker Bombus terrestris (bumblebee) assessed as reduction in reproduction at 30 mg a.i./l, po administered through sugar water for 11 weeks measured once a week for 11 weeks relative to control
|
Bombus terrestris
|
None
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Title : Compatibility of traditional and novel acaricides with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris): a first laboratory assessment of toxicity and sublethal effects.
Year : 2010
Volume : 66
Issue : 7
First Page : 786
Last Page : 793
Authors : Besard L, Mommaerts V, Vandeven J, Cuvelier X, Sterk G, Smagghe G.
Abstract : BACKGROUND: This project assessed the potential hazards of different classical and novel acaricides against an important non-target and beneficial insect for the pollination of wild flowers and cultivated crops, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L). Twenty-three acaricides used commercially in the control of phytophagous mites (Acari) were tested in greenhouses and/or the open field. Side effects included acute mortality and also sublethal effects on nest reproduction. The different compounds were administered in the laboratory via three different worst-case field scenario routes of exposure: dermal contact and orally via the drinking of treated sugar water and via treated pollen. The compounds were tested at their respective maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC), and, when strong lethal effects were observed, a dose-response assay with a dilution series of the MFRC was undertaken to calculate LC(50) values. RESULTS: From the different acaricide classes, several chemistries caused high levels of acute toxicity in bumblebee workers, especially bifenthrin and abamectin which resulted in 100% mortality by contact. In addition, several acaricides tested were found to have a detrimental effect on drone production. For oral exposures via treated sugar water, the dose-response assay showed the LC(50) values for abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole to be 1/15 MFRC (1.17 mg AI L(-1)), 1/10 MFRC (9.6 mg AI L(-1)), 1/83 MFRC (0.36 mg AI L(-1)) and 1/13 MFRC (4.4 mg AI L(-1)) respectively, indicating that their use should be carefully evaluated. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results suggest that most of the acaricides tested are compatible with bumblebees, with the exceptions of abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole. However, the risks also depended on the type of treatment. As a result, the sugar water treatment seems to present the worst-case situation of exposure, indicating that this approach is suitable for determining the hazards of pesticides against bumblebees. Finally, it is suggested that future tier testing under more field-related conditions is required for a final decision of their risks.
|
Contact toxicity against worker Bombus terrestris (bumblebee) assessed as reduction in reproduction at 96 mg a.i./l applied on the dorsal thorax for 11 weeks measured once a week for 11 weeks relative to control
|
Bombus terrestris
|
None
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Title : Compatibility of traditional and novel acaricides with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris): a first laboratory assessment of toxicity and sublethal effects.
Year : 2010
Volume : 66
Issue : 7
First Page : 786
Last Page : 793
Authors : Besard L, Mommaerts V, Vandeven J, Cuvelier X, Sterk G, Smagghe G.
Abstract : BACKGROUND: This project assessed the potential hazards of different classical and novel acaricides against an important non-target and beneficial insect for the pollination of wild flowers and cultivated crops, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L). Twenty-three acaricides used commercially in the control of phytophagous mites (Acari) were tested in greenhouses and/or the open field. Side effects included acute mortality and also sublethal effects on nest reproduction. The different compounds were administered in the laboratory via three different worst-case field scenario routes of exposure: dermal contact and orally via the drinking of treated sugar water and via treated pollen. The compounds were tested at their respective maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC), and, when strong lethal effects were observed, a dose-response assay with a dilution series of the MFRC was undertaken to calculate LC(50) values. RESULTS: From the different acaricide classes, several chemistries caused high levels of acute toxicity in bumblebee workers, especially bifenthrin and abamectin which resulted in 100% mortality by contact. In addition, several acaricides tested were found to have a detrimental effect on drone production. For oral exposures via treated sugar water, the dose-response assay showed the LC(50) values for abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole to be 1/15 MFRC (1.17 mg AI L(-1)), 1/10 MFRC (9.6 mg AI L(-1)), 1/83 MFRC (0.36 mg AI L(-1)) and 1/13 MFRC (4.4 mg AI L(-1)) respectively, indicating that their use should be carefully evaluated. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results suggest that most of the acaricides tested are compatible with bumblebees, with the exceptions of abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole. However, the risks also depended on the type of treatment. As a result, the sugar water treatment seems to present the worst-case situation of exposure, indicating that this approach is suitable for determining the hazards of pesticides against bumblebees. Finally, it is suggested that future tier testing under more field-related conditions is required for a final decision of their risks.
|
Toxicity against worker Bombus terrestris (bumblebee) assessed as mortality at 96 mg a.i./l, po administered through pollen for 11 weeks measured everyday for 3 days followed by once a week for 11 weeks
|
Bombus terrestris
|
None
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Title : Compatibility of traditional and novel acaricides with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris): a first laboratory assessment of toxicity and sublethal effects.
Year : 2010
Volume : 66
Issue : 7
First Page : 786
Last Page : 793
Authors : Besard L, Mommaerts V, Vandeven J, Cuvelier X, Sterk G, Smagghe G.
Abstract : BACKGROUND: This project assessed the potential hazards of different classical and novel acaricides against an important non-target and beneficial insect for the pollination of wild flowers and cultivated crops, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L). Twenty-three acaricides used commercially in the control of phytophagous mites (Acari) were tested in greenhouses and/or the open field. Side effects included acute mortality and also sublethal effects on nest reproduction. The different compounds were administered in the laboratory via three different worst-case field scenario routes of exposure: dermal contact and orally via the drinking of treated sugar water and via treated pollen. The compounds were tested at their respective maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC), and, when strong lethal effects were observed, a dose-response assay with a dilution series of the MFRC was undertaken to calculate LC(50) values. RESULTS: From the different acaricide classes, several chemistries caused high levels of acute toxicity in bumblebee workers, especially bifenthrin and abamectin which resulted in 100% mortality by contact. In addition, several acaricides tested were found to have a detrimental effect on drone production. For oral exposures via treated sugar water, the dose-response assay showed the LC(50) values for abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole to be 1/15 MFRC (1.17 mg AI L(-1)), 1/10 MFRC (9.6 mg AI L(-1)), 1/83 MFRC (0.36 mg AI L(-1)) and 1/13 MFRC (4.4 mg AI L(-1)) respectively, indicating that their use should be carefully evaluated. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results suggest that most of the acaricides tested are compatible with bumblebees, with the exceptions of abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole. However, the risks also depended on the type of treatment. As a result, the sugar water treatment seems to present the worst-case situation of exposure, indicating that this approach is suitable for determining the hazards of pesticides against bumblebees. Finally, it is suggested that future tier testing under more field-related conditions is required for a final decision of their risks.
|
Toxicity against worker Bombus terrestris (bumblebee) assessed as mortality at 96 mg a.i./l, po administered through sugar water measured up to 1 week
|
Bombus terrestris
|
None
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Title : Compatibility of traditional and novel acaricides with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris): a first laboratory assessment of toxicity and sublethal effects.
Year : 2010
Volume : 66
Issue : 7
First Page : 786
Last Page : 793
Authors : Besard L, Mommaerts V, Vandeven J, Cuvelier X, Sterk G, Smagghe G.
Abstract : BACKGROUND: This project assessed the potential hazards of different classical and novel acaricides against an important non-target and beneficial insect for the pollination of wild flowers and cultivated crops, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L). Twenty-three acaricides used commercially in the control of phytophagous mites (Acari) were tested in greenhouses and/or the open field. Side effects included acute mortality and also sublethal effects on nest reproduction. The different compounds were administered in the laboratory via three different worst-case field scenario routes of exposure: dermal contact and orally via the drinking of treated sugar water and via treated pollen. The compounds were tested at their respective maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC), and, when strong lethal effects were observed, a dose-response assay with a dilution series of the MFRC was undertaken to calculate LC(50) values. RESULTS: From the different acaricide classes, several chemistries caused high levels of acute toxicity in bumblebee workers, especially bifenthrin and abamectin which resulted in 100% mortality by contact. In addition, several acaricides tested were found to have a detrimental effect on drone production. For oral exposures via treated sugar water, the dose-response assay showed the LC(50) values for abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole to be 1/15 MFRC (1.17 mg AI L(-1)), 1/10 MFRC (9.6 mg AI L(-1)), 1/83 MFRC (0.36 mg AI L(-1)) and 1/13 MFRC (4.4 mg AI L(-1)) respectively, indicating that their use should be carefully evaluated. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results suggest that most of the acaricides tested are compatible with bumblebees, with the exceptions of abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole. However, the risks also depended on the type of treatment. As a result, the sugar water treatment seems to present the worst-case situation of exposure, indicating that this approach is suitable for determining the hazards of pesticides against bumblebees. Finally, it is suggested that future tier testing under more field-related conditions is required for a final decision of their risks.
|
Toxicity against worker Bombus terrestris (bumblebee) assessed as mortality at 96 mg a.i./l, po administered through sugar water for 11 weeks measured everyday for 3 days followed by once a week for 11 weeks
|
Bombus terrestris
|
95.0
%
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Title : Compatibility of traditional and novel acaricides with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris): a first laboratory assessment of toxicity and sublethal effects.
Year : 2010
Volume : 66
Issue : 7
First Page : 786
Last Page : 793
Authors : Besard L, Mommaerts V, Vandeven J, Cuvelier X, Sterk G, Smagghe G.
Abstract : BACKGROUND: This project assessed the potential hazards of different classical and novel acaricides against an important non-target and beneficial insect for the pollination of wild flowers and cultivated crops, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L). Twenty-three acaricides used commercially in the control of phytophagous mites (Acari) were tested in greenhouses and/or the open field. Side effects included acute mortality and also sublethal effects on nest reproduction. The different compounds were administered in the laboratory via three different worst-case field scenario routes of exposure: dermal contact and orally via the drinking of treated sugar water and via treated pollen. The compounds were tested at their respective maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC), and, when strong lethal effects were observed, a dose-response assay with a dilution series of the MFRC was undertaken to calculate LC(50) values. RESULTS: From the different acaricide classes, several chemistries caused high levels of acute toxicity in bumblebee workers, especially bifenthrin and abamectin which resulted in 100% mortality by contact. In addition, several acaricides tested were found to have a detrimental effect on drone production. For oral exposures via treated sugar water, the dose-response assay showed the LC(50) values for abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole to be 1/15 MFRC (1.17 mg AI L(-1)), 1/10 MFRC (9.6 mg AI L(-1)), 1/83 MFRC (0.36 mg AI L(-1)) and 1/13 MFRC (4.4 mg AI L(-1)) respectively, indicating that their use should be carefully evaluated. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results suggest that most of the acaricides tested are compatible with bumblebees, with the exceptions of abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole. However, the risks also depended on the type of treatment. As a result, the sugar water treatment seems to present the worst-case situation of exposure, indicating that this approach is suitable for determining the hazards of pesticides against bumblebees. Finally, it is suggested that future tier testing under more field-related conditions is required for a final decision of their risks.
|
Contact toxicity against worker Bombus terrestris (bumblebee) assessed as mortality at 96 mg a.i./l applied on the dorsal thorax for 11 weeks measured everyday for 3 days followed by once a week for 11 weeks
|
Bombus terrestris
|
25.0
%
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Title : Compatibility of traditional and novel acaricides with bumblebees (Bombus terrestris): a first laboratory assessment of toxicity and sublethal effects.
Year : 2010
Volume : 66
Issue : 7
First Page : 786
Last Page : 793
Authors : Besard L, Mommaerts V, Vandeven J, Cuvelier X, Sterk G, Smagghe G.
Abstract : BACKGROUND: This project assessed the potential hazards of different classical and novel acaricides against an important non-target and beneficial insect for the pollination of wild flowers and cultivated crops, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L). Twenty-three acaricides used commercially in the control of phytophagous mites (Acari) were tested in greenhouses and/or the open field. Side effects included acute mortality and also sublethal effects on nest reproduction. The different compounds were administered in the laboratory via three different worst-case field scenario routes of exposure: dermal contact and orally via the drinking of treated sugar water and via treated pollen. The compounds were tested at their respective maximum field recommended concentration (MFRC), and, when strong lethal effects were observed, a dose-response assay with a dilution series of the MFRC was undertaken to calculate LC(50) values. RESULTS: From the different acaricide classes, several chemistries caused high levels of acute toxicity in bumblebee workers, especially bifenthrin and abamectin which resulted in 100% mortality by contact. In addition, several acaricides tested were found to have a detrimental effect on drone production. For oral exposures via treated sugar water, the dose-response assay showed the LC(50) values for abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole to be 1/15 MFRC (1.17 mg AI L(-1)), 1/10 MFRC (9.6 mg AI L(-1)), 1/83 MFRC (0.36 mg AI L(-1)) and 1/13 MFRC (4.4 mg AI L(-1)) respectively, indicating that their use should be carefully evaluated. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results suggest that most of the acaricides tested are compatible with bumblebees, with the exceptions of abamectin, bifenazate, bifenthrin and etoxazole. However, the risks also depended on the type of treatment. As a result, the sugar water treatment seems to present the worst-case situation of exposure, indicating that this approach is suitable for determining the hazards of pesticides against bumblebees. Finally, it is suggested that future tier testing under more field-related conditions is required for a final decision of their risks.
|
Resistance ratio of LC50 for bifenazate-resistant Tetranychus urticae (two-spotted spider mite) BEL1 harboring mitochondrial P262T Cytb fixed mutation to LC50 for Tetranychus urticae GSS
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
2780.0
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Resistance ratio of LC50 for Tetranychus urticae (two-spotted spider mite) HOL4 harboring mitochondrial G126S Cytb mutation to LC50 for Tetranychus urticae GSS
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
2780.0
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Resistance ratio of LC50 for Tetranychus urticae HOL3 (two-spotted spider mite) harboring mitochondrial P262T Cytb heteroplasmic mutation to LC50 for Tetranychus urticae GSS
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
2780.0
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Resistance ratio of LC50 for Tetranychus urticae HOL2 (two-spotted spider mite) harboring mitochondrial G126S Cytb mutation to LC50 for Tetranychus urticae GSS
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
12.1
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Resistance ratio of LC50 for Tetranychus urticae HOL1 (two-spotted spider mite) harboring mitochondrial G126S and I136T Cytb mutation to LC50 for Tetranychus urticae GSS
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
2780.0
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Resistance ratio of LC50 for bifenazate-resistant Tetranychus urticae BR-VL (two-spotted spider mite) harboring mitochondrial G126S, S141F and D161G Cytb mutation to LC50 for Tetranychus urticae GSS
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
2780.0
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Resistance ratio of LC50 for METI-resistant Tetranychus urticae MR-VP (two-spotted spider mite) to LC50 for Tetranychus urticae GSS
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
2.0
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Resistance ratio of LC50 for Tetranychus urticae MR-VL (two-spotted spider mite) to LC50 for Tetranychus urticae GSS
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
2.9
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Resistance ratio of LC50 for Tetranychus urticae WI (two-spotted spider mite) to LC50 for Tetranychus urticae GSS
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
2.4
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Resistance ratio of LC50 for bifenazate-susceptible Tetranychus urticae LS-VL (two-spotted spider mite) to LC50 for Tetranychus urticae GSS
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
0.4
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Toxicity against adult bifenazate-resistant Tetranychus urticae BEL1 (two-spotted spider mite) harboring mitochondrial P262T Cytb fixed mutation in compound pretreated bean leaves assessed as mortality
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
10000.0
ug.mL-1
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Toxicity against adult Tetranychus urticae HOL4 (two-spotted spider mite) harboring mitochondrial G126S Cytb mutation in compound pretreated bean leaves assessed as mortality
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
10000.0
ug.mL-1
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Toxicity against adult Tetranychus urticae HOL3 (two-spotted spider mite) harboring mitochondrial P262T Cytb heteroplasmic mutation in compound pretreated bean leaves assessed as mortality
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
10000.0
ug.mL-1
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Toxicity against adult Tetranychus urticae HOL2 (two-spotted spider mite) harboring mitochondrial G126S Cytb mutation in compound pretreated bean leaves assessed as mortality
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
43.4
ug.mL-1
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Toxicity against adult Tetranychus urticae HOL1 (two-spotted spider mite) harboring mitochondrial G126S and I136T Cytb mutation in compound pretreated bean leaves assessed as mortality
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
10000.0
ug.mL-1
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Toxicity against adult bifenazate-resistant Tetranychus urticae BR-VL (two-spotted spider mite) harboring mitochondrial G126S, S141F and D161G Cytb mutation in compound pretreated bean leaves assessed as mortality
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
10000.0
ug.mL-1
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Toxicity against adult METI-resistant Tetranychus urticae MR-VP (two-spotted spider mite) in compound pretreated bean leaves assessed as mortality
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
7.3
ug.mL-1
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Toxicity against adult Tetranychus urticae MR-VL (two-spotted spider mite) in compound pretreated bean leaves assessed as mortality
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
10.5
ug.mL-1
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Toxicity against adult Tetranychus urticae WI (two-spotted spider mite) in compound pretreated bean leaves assessed as mortality
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
8.7
ug.mL-1
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Toxicity against adult bifenazate-susceptible Tetranychus urticae LS-VL (two-spotted spider mite) in compound pretreated bean leaves assessed as mortality
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
1.6
ug.mL-1
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Toxicity against adult Tetranychus urticae GSS (two-spotted spider mite) in compound pretreated bean leaves assessed as mortality
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
3.6
ug.mL-1
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 404
Last Page : 412
|
Resistance ratio of LC50 for spirodiclofen-resistant Tetranychus urticae SR-VP (two-spotted spider mite) adults to LC50 for spirodiclofen-susceptible Tetranychus urticae LS-VL (two-spotted spider mite) adults
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
2.0
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Title : Genetic and biochemical analysis of a laboratory-selected spirodiclofen-resistant strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae).
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 358
Last Page : 366
Authors : Van Pottelberge S, Van Leeuwen T, Khajehali J, Tirry L.
Abstract : BACKGROUND: Spirodiclofen is a selective, non-systemic acaricide from the new chemical class of tetronic acid derivatives. In order to develop strategies to minimise resistance in the field, a laboratory-selected spirodiclofen-resistant strain of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, was used to determine genetic, toxicological, biochemical and cross-resistance data. RESULTS: Selecting for spirodiclofen resistance in the laboratory yielded a strain (SR-VP) with a resistance ratio of 274, determined on the larval stage. The egg stage remained far more susceptible. No cross-resistance was found against other established acaricides, except for spiromesifen. Based on synergist experiments and enzyme assays, it appeared that especially P450 monooxygenases, but also esterases and glutathione-S-transferases, could be involved in the metabolic detoxification of spirodiclofen. Genetic analysis showed that the resistance is inherited as an intermediate trait under control of more than one gene. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance to spirodiclofen exceeded by far the recommended field rate. A good acaricide resistance management programme is necessary to prevent fast resistance build-up in the field. Spirodiclofen can be used in alternation with most established acaricides, except for other tetronic acid derivatives. Without selection pressure, resistance tends to be unstable and can decrease in the presence of susceptible individuals owing to the intermediate, polygenic inheritance mode.
|
Insecticidal activity against spirodiclofen-resistant Tetranychus urticae SR-VP (two-spotted spider mite) adults in kidney bean leaf disks assessed as mortality measured after 2 days
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
2.4
ug.mL-1
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Title : Genetic and biochemical analysis of a laboratory-selected spirodiclofen-resistant strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae).
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 358
Last Page : 366
Authors : Van Pottelberge S, Van Leeuwen T, Khajehali J, Tirry L.
Abstract : BACKGROUND: Spirodiclofen is a selective, non-systemic acaricide from the new chemical class of tetronic acid derivatives. In order to develop strategies to minimise resistance in the field, a laboratory-selected spirodiclofen-resistant strain of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, was used to determine genetic, toxicological, biochemical and cross-resistance data. RESULTS: Selecting for spirodiclofen resistance in the laboratory yielded a strain (SR-VP) with a resistance ratio of 274, determined on the larval stage. The egg stage remained far more susceptible. No cross-resistance was found against other established acaricides, except for spiromesifen. Based on synergist experiments and enzyme assays, it appeared that especially P450 monooxygenases, but also esterases and glutathione-S-transferases, could be involved in the metabolic detoxification of spirodiclofen. Genetic analysis showed that the resistance is inherited as an intermediate trait under control of more than one gene. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance to spirodiclofen exceeded by far the recommended field rate. A good acaricide resistance management programme is necessary to prevent fast resistance build-up in the field. Spirodiclofen can be used in alternation with most established acaricides, except for other tetronic acid derivatives. Without selection pressure, resistance tends to be unstable and can decrease in the presence of susceptible individuals owing to the intermediate, polygenic inheritance mode.
|
Insecticidal activity against spirodiclofen-susceptible Tetranychus urticae LS-VL (two-spotted spider mite) adults in kidney bean leaf disks assessed as mortality after 2 day
|
Tetranychus urticae
|
1.2
ug.mL-1
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Title : Genetic and biochemical analysis of a laboratory-selected spirodiclofen-resistant strain of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae).
Year : 2009
Volume : 65
Issue : 4
First Page : 358
Last Page : 366
Authors : Van Pottelberge S, Van Leeuwen T, Khajehali J, Tirry L.
Abstract : BACKGROUND: Spirodiclofen is a selective, non-systemic acaricide from the new chemical class of tetronic acid derivatives. In order to develop strategies to minimise resistance in the field, a laboratory-selected spirodiclofen-resistant strain of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, was used to determine genetic, toxicological, biochemical and cross-resistance data. RESULTS: Selecting for spirodiclofen resistance in the laboratory yielded a strain (SR-VP) with a resistance ratio of 274, determined on the larval stage. The egg stage remained far more susceptible. No cross-resistance was found against other established acaricides, except for spiromesifen. Based on synergist experiments and enzyme assays, it appeared that especially P450 monooxygenases, but also esterases and glutathione-S-transferases, could be involved in the metabolic detoxification of spirodiclofen. Genetic analysis showed that the resistance is inherited as an intermediate trait under control of more than one gene. CONCLUSIONS: Resistance to spirodiclofen exceeded by far the recommended field rate. A good acaricide resistance management programme is necessary to prevent fast resistance build-up in the field. Spirodiclofen can be used in alternation with most established acaricides, except for other tetronic acid derivatives. Without selection pressure, resistance tends to be unstable and can decrease in the presence of susceptible individuals owing to the intermediate, polygenic inheritance mode.
|
Resistance ratio, LC50 for adult Panonychus ulmi HS to LC50 for adult Panonychus ulmi PSR TK
|
Panonychus ulmi
|
1.0
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2011
Volume : 67
Issue : 10
First Page : 1285
Last Page : 1293
|
Insecticidal activity against Panonychus ulmi PSR-TK in plum tree leaf assessed as mortality at adult stage compound treated by spray application measured after 7 to 8 days treatment
|
Panonychus ulmi
|
1.3
ug.mL-1
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2011
Volume : 67
Issue : 10
First Page : 1285
Last Page : 1293
|
Insecticidal activity against Panonychus ulmi HS in plum tree leaf assessed as mortality at adult stage compound treated by spray application measured after 7 to 8 days treatment
|
Panonychus ulmi
|
1.42
ug.mL-1
|
|
Journal : Pest Manag Sci
Year : 2011
Volume : 67
Issue : 10
First Page : 1285
Last Page : 1293
