|
Inhibitory activity against Leishmania major Farnesyl diphosphate synthase
|
Leishmania major
|
110.0
nM
|
|
Journal : J. Med. Chem.
Title : Effects of bisphosphonates on the growth of Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium species in vitro and in vivo.
Year : 2004
Volume : 47
Issue : 1
First Page : 175
Last Page : 187
Authors : Ghosh S, Chan JM, Lea CR, Meints GA, Lewis JC, Tovian ZS, Flessner RM, Loftus TC, Bruchhaus I, Kendrick H, Croft SL, Kemp RG, Kobayashi S, Nozaki T, Oldfield E.
Abstract : The effects of a series of 102 bisphosphonates on the inhibition of growth of Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium falciparum in vitro have been determined, and selected compounds were further investigated for their in vivo activity. Forty-seven compounds tested were active (IC(50) < 200 microM) versus E. histolytica growth in vitro. The most active compounds (IC(50) approximately 4-9 microM) were nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates with relatively large aromatic side chains. Simple n-alkyl-1-hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonates, known inhibitors of the enzyme farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) synthase, were also active, with optimal activity being found with C9-C10 side chains. However, numerous other nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates known to be potent FPP synthase inhibitors, such as risedronate or pamidronate, had little or no activity. Several pyridine-derived bisphosphonates were quite active (IC(50) approximately 10-20 microM), and this activity was shown to correlate with the basicity of the aromatic group, with activity decreasing with increasing pK(a) values. The activities of all compounds were tested versus a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (KB) cell line to enable an estimate of the therapeutic index (TI). Five bisphosphonates were selected and then screened for their ability to delay the development of amebic liver abscess formation in an E. histolytica infected hamster model. Two compounds were found to decrease liver abscess formation at 10 mg/kg ip with little or no effect on normal liver mass. With P. falciparum, 35 compounds had IC(50) values <200 microM in an in vitro assay. The most active compounds were also simple n-alkyl-1-hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonates, having IC(50) values around 1 microM. Five compounds were again selected for in vivo investigation in a Plasmodium berghei ANKA BALB/c mouse suppressive test. The most active compound, a C9 n-alkyl side chain containing bisphosphonate, caused an 80% reduction in parasitemia with no overt toxicity. Taken together, these results show that bisphosphonates appear to be useful lead compounds for the development of novel antiamebic and antimalarial drugs.
|
Inhibition of bone resorption in the calvaria assay of mouse
|
Mus musculus
|
2.0
nM
|
|
Journal : J. Med. Chem.
Title : Highly potent geminal bisphosphonates. From pamidronate disodium (Aredia) to zoledronic acid (Zometa).
Year : 2002
Volume : 45
Issue : 17
First Page : 3721
Last Page : 3738
Authors : Widler L, Jaeggi KA, Glatt M, Müller K, Bachmann R, Bisping M, Born AR, Cortesi R, Guiglia G, Jeker H, Klein R, Ramseier U, Schmid J, Schreiber G, Seltenmeyer Y, Green JR.
Abstract : Bisphosphonates (BPs) are pyrophosphate analogues in which the oxygen in P-O-P has been replaced by a carbon, resulting in a metabolically stable P-C-P structure. Pamidronate (1b, Novartis), a second-generation BP, was the starting point for extensive SAR studies. Small changes of the structure of pamidronate lead to marked improvements of the inhibition of osteoclastic resorption potency. Alendronate (1c, MSD), with an extra methylene group in the N-alkyl chain, and olpadronate (1h, Gador), the N,N-dimethyl analogue, are about 10 times more potent than pamidronate. Extending one of the N-methyl groups of olpadronate to a pentyl substituent leads to ibandronate (1k, Roche, Boehringer-Mannheim), which is the most potent close analogue of pamidronate. Even slightly better antiresorptive potency is achieved with derivatives having a phenyl group linked via a short aliphatic tether of three to four atoms to nitrogen, the second substituent being preferentially a methyl group (e.g., 4g, 4j, 5d, or 5r). The most potent BPs are found in the series containing a heteroaromatic moiety (with at least one nitrogen atom), which is linked via a single methylene group to the geminal bisphosphonate unit. Zoledronic acid (6i), the most potent derivative, has an ED(50) of 0.07 mg/kg in the TPTX in vivo assay after sc administration. It not only shows by far the highest therapeutic ratio when comparing resorption inhibition with undesired inhibition of bone mineralization but also exhibits superior renal tolerability. Zoledronic acid (6i) has thus been selected for clinical development under the registered trade name Zometa. The results of the clinical trials indicate that low doses are both efficacious and safe for the treatment of tumor-induced hypercalcemia, Paget's disease of bone, osteolytic metastases, and postmenopausal osteoporosis.
|
Negative logarithm of inhibitory concentration against bone resorption
|
Rattus norvegicus
|
0.2399
nM
|
|
Journal : J. Med. Chem.
Title : A quantitative structure-activity relationship and pharmacophore modeling investigation of aryl-X and heterocyclic bisphosphonates as bone resorption agents.
Year : 2003
Volume : 46
Issue : 14
First Page : 2932
Last Page : 2944
Authors : Kotsikorou E, Oldfield E.
Abstract : We have used quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) techniques, together with pharmacophore modeling, to investigate the relationships between the structures of a wide variety of geminal bisphosphonates and their activity in inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption. For aryl-X (X = alkyl, oxyalkyl, and sulfanylalkyl) derivatives of pamidronate and one alendronate, a molecular field analysis (MFA) yielded an R(2) value of 0.900 and an F-test of 54 for a training set of 29 compounds. Using reduced training sets, the activities of 20 such compounds were predicted with an average error of 2.1 over a 4000x range in activity. Such good results were only obtained when using the X-ray crystallographic structure of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) bound to the target enzyme, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPP synthase), to guide the initial molecular alignment. For a series of heterocyclic bisphosphonates, use of the MFA method yielded an R(2) of 0.873 and an F-test of 36 for a training set of 26 compounds. Using a reduced training set, the activities of 20 compounds were predicted with an average error of 2.5 over a 2000x range in activity. With the heterocyclic compounds, test calculations indicated the importance of correct choice of protonation of the heterocyclic rings. For example, thiazoles, pyrazoles, and triazoles have low ( approximately 2-3) pK(a) values and the derived bisphosphonates are inactive in bone resorption since they cannot readily be side chain protonated and are thus poor carbocation reactive intermediate analogues. On the other hand, aminothiazoles, imidazoles, pyridyl, and aminopyridyl species typically have pK(a) values in the range approximately 5-9 and, in the absence of unfavorable steric interactions, the corresponding bisphosphonates are generally good inhibitors. However, aminoimidazole bisphosphonates are generally less active, since their pK(a)s ( approximately 11) are so high, due to guanidinium-like resonance, that they cannot readily be deprotonated, which we propose results in poor cellular uptake. The results of pharmacophore modeling using the Catalyst program revealed the importance of two negative ionizable and one positive charge feature for both aryl-X and heterocyclic pharmacophores, together with the presence of a distal hydrophobic feature in the aryl bisphosphonate and a more proximal aromatic feature in the heterocyclic bisphosphonate pharmacophores. When taken together, these results show that it is now possible to predict the activity, within a factor of about 2.3, of a wide range of aryl-X and heterocyclic bisphosphonates. The results emphasize the importance of utilizing crystallographic structural information to guide the initial alignment of extended bisphosphonates, and in the case of heterocyclic bisphosphonates, the importance of side chain protonation state. These simple ideas may facilitate the design of other, novel bisphosphonates, of use in bone resorption therapy, and as antiparasitic and immunotherapeutic agents.
|
Binding affinity towards Farnesyl diphosphate synthase from leishmania major
|
Leishmania major
|
11.0
nM
|
|
Journal : J. Med. Chem.
Title : Pyridinium-1-yl bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of farnesyl diphosphate synthase and bone resorption.
Year : 2005
Volume : 48
Issue : 8
First Page : 2957
Last Page : 2963
Authors : Sanders JM, Song Y, Chan JM, Zhang Y, Jennings S, Kosztowski T, Odeh S, Flessner R, Schwerdtfeger C, Kotsikorou E, Meints GA, Gómez AO, González-Pacanowska D, Raker AM, Wang H, van Beek ER, Papapoulos SE, Morita CT, Oldfield E.
Abstract : We report the design, synthesis and testing of a series of novel bisphosphonates, pyridinium-1-yl-hydroxy-bisphosphonates, based on the results of comparative molecular similarity indices analysis and pharmacophore modeling studies of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) inhibition, human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell activation and bone resorption inhibition. The most potent molecules have high activity against an expressed FPPS from Leishmania major, in Dictyostelium discoideum growth inhibition, in gammadelta T cell activation and in an in vitro bone resorption assay. As such, they represent useful new leads for the discovery of new bone resorption, antiinfective and anticancer drugs.
|
In vitro inhibitory concentration against bone resorption in 17 day old fetal mouse metatarsals
|
Mus musculus
|
34.0
nM
|
|
Journal : J. Med. Chem.
Title : Pyridinium-1-yl bisphosphonates are potent inhibitors of farnesyl diphosphate synthase and bone resorption.
Year : 2005
Volume : 48
Issue : 8
First Page : 2957
Last Page : 2963
Authors : Sanders JM, Song Y, Chan JM, Zhang Y, Jennings S, Kosztowski T, Odeh S, Flessner R, Schwerdtfeger C, Kotsikorou E, Meints GA, Gómez AO, González-Pacanowska D, Raker AM, Wang H, van Beek ER, Papapoulos SE, Morita CT, Oldfield E.
Abstract : We report the design, synthesis and testing of a series of novel bisphosphonates, pyridinium-1-yl-hydroxy-bisphosphonates, based on the results of comparative molecular similarity indices analysis and pharmacophore modeling studies of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) inhibition, human Vgamma2Vdelta2 T cell activation and bone resorption inhibition. The most potent molecules have high activity against an expressed FPPS from Leishmania major, in Dictyostelium discoideum growth inhibition, in gammadelta T cell activation and in an in vitro bone resorption assay. As such, they represent useful new leads for the discovery of new bone resorption, antiinfective and anticancer drugs.
|
In vitro inhibitory concentration against the growth of Toxoplasma gondii in human foreskin fibroblast monolayer cells (HFF cells)
|
None
|
790.0
nM
|
|
Journal : J. Med. Chem.
Title : Bisphosphonate inhibitors of Toxoplasma gondi growth: in vitro, QSAR, and in vivo investigations.
Year : 2005
Volume : 48
Issue : 9
First Page : 3130
Last Page : 3140
Authors : Ling Y, Sahota G, Odeh S, Chan JM, Araujo FG, Moreno SN, Oldfield E.
Abstract : We have investigated the activity of 60 bisphosphonates against the replication of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and of three of the most active compounds, in vivo. The two most active compounds found were n-alkyl bisphosphonates containing long (n = 9 or 10) hydrocarbon chains, not the nitrogen-containing species used in bone resorption therapy. The target of all of the most active bisphosphonates appears to be the isoprene biosynthesis pathway enzyme farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), as indicated by the correlations between T. gondii growth inhibition and FPPS (human and Leishmania major) enzyme inhibition and by the fact that a T. gondii strain engineered to overexpress FPPS required considerably higher levels of bisphosphonates to achieve 50% growth inhibition, while the IC(50) for atovaquone (which does not inhibit FPPS) remained the same in the overexpressing strain. The phosphonate inhibitor of the non-mevalonate pathway, fosmidomycin, which inhibits the enzyme 1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase, had no effect on T. gondii growth. To investigate structure-activity relationships (SARs) in more detail, we used two three-dimensional quantitative SAR methods: comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA), to investigate all 60 bisphosphonates. Both the CoMFA and CoMSIA models indicated a 60-70% contribution from steric interactions and a 30-40% contribution from electrostatic interactions and using four N = 55 training sets for each method, we found on average between a factor of 2 and 3 error in IC(50) prediction. The three most active compounds found in vitro were tested in vivo in a Smith-Webster mouse model and the two most active bisphosphonates were found to provide up to an 80% protection from death, a considerable improvement over that found previously with nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. This effect may originate in the much higher therapeutic indices of these alkyl bisphosphonates, as deduced from in vitro assays using LD(50) values for growth inhibition of a human cell line. Overall, these results indicate that alkyl bisphosphonates are promising compounds for further development as agents against Toxoplasma gondii growth, in vivo.
|
Inhibition of human recombinant FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21
|
Homo sapiens
|
475.3
nM
|
|
Inhibition of human recombinant FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21
|
Homo sapiens
|
85.9
nM
|
|
Journal : J. Med. Chem.
Title : Structure-activity relationships among the nitrogen containing bisphosphonates in clinical use and other analogues: time-dependent inhibition of human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase.
Year : 2008
Volume : 51
Issue : 7
First Page : 2187
Last Page : 2195
Authors : Dunford JE, Kwaasi AA, Rogers MJ, Barnett BL, Ebetino FH, Russell RG, Oppermann U, Kavanagh KL.
Abstract : The nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs) are the main drugs currently used to treat diseases characterized by excessive bone resorption. The major molecular target of N-BPs is farnesylpyrophosphate synthase. N-BPs inhibit the enzyme by a mechanism that involves time dependent isomerization of the enzyme. We investigated features of N-BPs that confer maximal slow and tight-binding by quantifying the initial and final K(i)s and calculating the isomerization constant K(isom) for many N-BPs. Disruption of the phosphonate-carbon-phosphonate backbone resulted in loss of potency and reduced K(isom). The lack of a hydroxyl group on the geminal carbon also reduced K(isom). The position of the nitrogen in the side chain was crucial to both K(i) and K(isom). A correlation of K(isom) and also final K(i) with previously published in vivo potency reveals that the isomerization constant ( R = -0.77, p < 0.0001) and the final inhibition of FPPS by N-BPs ( R = 0.74, p < 0.0001) are closely linked to antiresorptive efficacy.
|
Inhibition of human recombinant FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 after 10 mins
|
Homo sapiens
|
4.1
nM
|
|
Inhibition of human recombinant FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 after 10 mins
|
Homo sapiens
|
0.07
nM
|
|
Journal : J. Med. Chem.
Title : Structure-activity relationships among the nitrogen containing bisphosphonates in clinical use and other analogues: time-dependent inhibition of human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase.
Year : 2008
Volume : 51
Issue : 7
First Page : 2187
Last Page : 2195
Authors : Dunford JE, Kwaasi AA, Rogers MJ, Barnett BL, Ebetino FH, Russell RG, Oppermann U, Kavanagh KL.
Abstract : The nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs) are the main drugs currently used to treat diseases characterized by excessive bone resorption. The major molecular target of N-BPs is farnesylpyrophosphate synthase. N-BPs inhibit the enzyme by a mechanism that involves time dependent isomerization of the enzyme. We investigated features of N-BPs that confer maximal slow and tight-binding by quantifying the initial and final K(i)s and calculating the isomerization constant K(isom) for many N-BPs. Disruption of the phosphonate-carbon-phosphonate backbone resulted in loss of potency and reduced K(isom). The lack of a hydroxyl group on the geminal carbon also reduced K(isom). The position of the nitrogen in the side chain was crucial to both K(i) and K(isom). A correlation of K(isom) and also final K(i) with previously published in vivo potency reveals that the isomerization constant ( R = -0.77, p < 0.0001) and the final inhibition of FPPS by N-BPs ( R = 0.74, p < 0.0001) are closely linked to antiresorptive efficacy.
|
Inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae GGPPS
|
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
|
660.0
nM
|
|
Journal : Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Title : Bisphosphonates target multiple sites in both cis- and trans-prenyltransferases.
Year : 2007
Volume : 104
Issue : 24
First Page : 10022
Last Page : 10027
Authors : Guo RT, Cao R, Liang PH, Ko TP, Chang TH, Hudock MP, Jeng WY, Chen CK, Zhang Y, Song Y, Kuo CJ, Yin F, Oldfield E, Wang AH.
Abstract : Bisphosphonate drugs (e.g., Fosamax and Zometa) are thought to act primarily by inhibiting farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), resulting in decreased prenylation of small GTPases. Here, we show that some bisphosphonates can also inhibit geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), as well as undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase (UPPS), a cis-prenyltransferase of interest as a target for antibacterial therapy. Our results on GGPPS (10 structures) show that there are three bisphosphonate-binding sites, consisting of FPP or isopentenyl diphosphate substrate-binding sites together with a GGPP product- or inhibitor-binding site. In UPPS, there are a total of four binding sites (in five structures). These results are of general interest because they provide the first structures of GGPPS- and UPPS-inhibitor complexes, potentially important drug targets, in addition to revealing a remarkably broad spectrum of binding modes not seen in FPPS inhibition.
|
Binding affinity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae GGPPS
|
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
|
260.0
nM
|
|
Journal : Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Title : Bisphosphonates target multiple sites in both cis- and trans-prenyltransferases.
Year : 2007
Volume : 104
Issue : 24
First Page : 10022
Last Page : 10027
Authors : Guo RT, Cao R, Liang PH, Ko TP, Chang TH, Hudock MP, Jeng WY, Chen CK, Zhang Y, Song Y, Kuo CJ, Yin F, Oldfield E, Wang AH.
Abstract : Bisphosphonate drugs (e.g., Fosamax and Zometa) are thought to act primarily by inhibiting farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), resulting in decreased prenylation of small GTPases. Here, we show that some bisphosphonates can also inhibit geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), as well as undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase (UPPS), a cis-prenyltransferase of interest as a target for antibacterial therapy. Our results on GGPPS (10 structures) show that there are three bisphosphonate-binding sites, consisting of FPP or isopentenyl diphosphate substrate-binding sites together with a GGPP product- or inhibitor-binding site. In UPPS, there are a total of four binding sites (in five structures). These results are of general interest because they provide the first structures of GGPPS- and UPPS-inhibitor complexes, potentially important drug targets, in addition to revealing a remarkably broad spectrum of binding modes not seen in FPPS inhibition.
|
Inhibition of Sulfolobus solfataricus HPPS
|
Sulfolobus solfataricus
|
90.0
nM
|
|
Journal : Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Title : Bisphosphonates target multiple sites in both cis- and trans-prenyltransferases.
Year : 2007
Volume : 104
Issue : 24
First Page : 10022
Last Page : 10027
Authors : Guo RT, Cao R, Liang PH, Ko TP, Chang TH, Hudock MP, Jeng WY, Chen CK, Zhang Y, Song Y, Kuo CJ, Yin F, Oldfield E, Wang AH.
Abstract : Bisphosphonate drugs (e.g., Fosamax and Zometa) are thought to act primarily by inhibiting farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), resulting in decreased prenylation of small GTPases. Here, we show that some bisphosphonates can also inhibit geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), as well as undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase (UPPS), a cis-prenyltransferase of interest as a target for antibacterial therapy. Our results on GGPPS (10 structures) show that there are three bisphosphonate-binding sites, consisting of FPP or isopentenyl diphosphate substrate-binding sites together with a GGPP product- or inhibitor-binding site. In UPPS, there are a total of four binding sites (in five structures). These results are of general interest because they provide the first structures of GGPPS- and UPPS-inhibitor complexes, potentially important drug targets, in addition to revealing a remarkably broad spectrum of binding modes not seen in FPPS inhibition.
|
Inhibition of Escherichia coli OPPS
|
Escherichia coli
|
38.0
nM
|
|
Journal : Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
Title : Bisphosphonates target multiple sites in both cis- and trans-prenyltransferases.
Year : 2007
Volume : 104
Issue : 24
First Page : 10022
Last Page : 10027
Authors : Guo RT, Cao R, Liang PH, Ko TP, Chang TH, Hudock MP, Jeng WY, Chen CK, Zhang Y, Song Y, Kuo CJ, Yin F, Oldfield E, Wang AH.
Abstract : Bisphosphonate drugs (e.g., Fosamax and Zometa) are thought to act primarily by inhibiting farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS), resulting in decreased prenylation of small GTPases. Here, we show that some bisphosphonates can also inhibit geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS), as well as undecaprenyl diphosphate synthase (UPPS), a cis-prenyltransferase of interest as a target for antibacterial therapy. Our results on GGPPS (10 structures) show that there are three bisphosphonate-binding sites, consisting of FPP or isopentenyl diphosphate substrate-binding sites together with a GGPP product- or inhibitor-binding site. In UPPS, there are a total of four binding sites (in five structures). These results are of general interest because they provide the first structures of GGPPS- and UPPS-inhibitor complexes, potentially important drug targets, in addition to revealing a remarkably broad spectrum of binding modes not seen in FPPS inhibition.
|
Inhibition of human FPP synthase expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3)
|
Homo sapiens
|
4.1
nM
|
|
Journal : J. Med. Chem.
Title : Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel aminobisphosphonates possessing an in vivo antitumor activity through a gammadelta-T lymphocytes-mediated activation mechanism.
Year : 2008
Volume : 51
Issue : 21
First Page : 6800
Last Page : 6807
Authors : Simoni D, Gebbia N, Invidiata FP, Eleopra M, Marchetti P, Rondanin R, Baruchello R, Provera S, Marchioro C, Tolomeo M, Marinelli L, Limongelli V, Novellino E, Kwaasi A, Dunford J, Buccheri S, Caccamo N, Dieli F.
Abstract : A small series of aminobisphosphonates (N-BPs) structurally related to zoledronic acid was synthesized with the aim of improving activity toward activation of human gammadelta T cells and in turn their in vivo antitumor activity. The absence of the 1-OH moiety, together with the position and the different basicity of the nitrogen, appears crucial for antitumor activity. In comparison to zoledronic acid, compound 6a shows a greater ability to activate gammadelta T cells expression (100 times more) and a proapoptotic effect that is better than zoledronic acid. The potent activation of gammadelta T cells, in addition to evidence of the in vivo antitumor activity of 6a, suggests it may be a new potential drug candidate for cancer treatment.
|
Inhibition of Plasmodium vivax FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 by spectrophotometric assay
|
Plasmodium vivax
|
790.0
nM
|
|
Inhibition of Plasmodium vivax FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 by spectrophotometric assay
|
Plasmodium vivax
|
794.33
nM
|
|
Journal : J. Med. Chem.
Title : Bisphosphonate inhibition of a Plasmodium farnesyl diphosphate synthase and a general method for predicting cell-based activity from enzyme data.
Year : 2008
Volume : 51
Issue : 24
First Page : 7827
Last Page : 7833
Authors : Mukkamala D, No JH, Cass LM, Chang TK, Oldfield E.
Abstract : We screened 26 bisphosphonates against a farnesyl diphosphate synthase from Plasmodium vivax, finding a poor correlation between enzyme and cell growth inhibition (R(2) = 0.06). To better predict cell activity data, we then used a combinatorial descriptor search in which pIC(50)(cell) = a pIC(50)(enzyme) + bB + cC + d, where B and C are descriptors (such as SlogP), and a-d are coefficients. R(2) increased from 0.01 to 0.74 (for a leave-two-out test set of 26 predictions). The method was then further validated using data for nine other systems, including bacterial, viral, and mammalian cell systems. On average, experimental/predicted cell pIC(50) correlations increased from R(2) = 0.28 (for an enzyme-only test set) to 0.70 (for enzyme plus two descriptor test set predictions), while predictions based on scrambled cell activity had no predictive value (R(2) = 0.13). These results are of interest since they represent a general way to predict cell from enzyme inhibition data, with in three cases, R(2) values increasing from approximately 0.02 to 0.72.
|
Inhibition of human recombinant N-terminal-His6 tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 using [3H]IPP and GPP as substrate incubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 20 mins by liquid scintillation counting
|
Homo sapiens
|
4.1
nM
|
|
Journal : J. Med. Chem.
Title : Design and synthesis of active site inhibitors of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: apoptosis and inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in multiple myeloma cells.
Year : 2012
Volume : 55
Issue : 7
First Page : 3201
Last Page : 3215
Authors : Lin YS, Park J, De Schutter JW, Huang XF, Berghuis AM, Sebag M, Tsantrizos YS.
Abstract : Human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (hFPPS) controls intracellular levels of FPP and post-translational prenylation of small GTPase proteins, which are essential for cell signaling and cell proliferation. Clinical investigations provide evidence that N-BP inhibitors of hFPPS are disease modifying agents that improve survival of multiple myeloma (MM) patients via mechanisms unrelated to their skeletal effects. A new series of N-BPs was designed that interact with a larger portion of the GPP subpocket, as compared to the current therapeutic drugs, and rigidify the (364)KRRK(367) tail of hFPPS in the closed conformation in the absence of IPP. An analogue of this series was used to demonstrate inhibition of the intended biological target, resulting in apoptosis and down-regulation of ERK phosphorylation in human MM cell lines.
|
Inhibition of human recombinant N-terminal-His6 tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 using [3H]IPP and GPP as substrate at 1 uM incubated for 10 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 20 mins by liquid scintillation counting
|
Homo sapiens
|
80.0
%
|
|
Journal : J. Med. Chem.
Title : Design and synthesis of active site inhibitors of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: apoptosis and inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in multiple myeloma cells.
Year : 2012
Volume : 55
Issue : 7
First Page : 3201
Last Page : 3215
Authors : Lin YS, Park J, De Schutter JW, Huang XF, Berghuis AM, Sebag M, Tsantrizos YS.
Abstract : Human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (hFPPS) controls intracellular levels of FPP and post-translational prenylation of small GTPase proteins, which are essential for cell signaling and cell proliferation. Clinical investigations provide evidence that N-BP inhibitors of hFPPS are disease modifying agents that improve survival of multiple myeloma (MM) patients via mechanisms unrelated to their skeletal effects. A new series of N-BPs was designed that interact with a larger portion of the GPP subpocket, as compared to the current therapeutic drugs, and rigidify the (364)KRRK(367) tail of hFPPS in the closed conformation in the absence of IPP. An analogue of this series was used to demonstrate inhibition of the intended biological target, resulting in apoptosis and down-regulation of ERK phosphorylation in human MM cell lines.
|
Inhibition of human recombinant N-terminal-His6 tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 using [3H]IPP and GPP as substrate measured after 10 mins by scintillation counting
|
Homo sapiens
|
475.0
nM
|
|
Journal : J. Med. Chem.
Title : Design and synthesis of active site inhibitors of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: apoptosis and inhibition of ERK phosphorylation in multiple myeloma cells.
Year : 2012
Volume : 55
Issue : 7
First Page : 3201
Last Page : 3215
Authors : Lin YS, Park J, De Schutter JW, Huang XF, Berghuis AM, Sebag M, Tsantrizos YS.
Abstract : Human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (hFPPS) controls intracellular levels of FPP and post-translational prenylation of small GTPase proteins, which are essential for cell signaling and cell proliferation. Clinical investigations provide evidence that N-BP inhibitors of hFPPS are disease modifying agents that improve survival of multiple myeloma (MM) patients via mechanisms unrelated to their skeletal effects. A new series of N-BPs was designed that interact with a larger portion of the GPP subpocket, as compared to the current therapeutic drugs, and rigidify the (364)KRRK(367) tail of hFPPS in the closed conformation in the absence of IPP. An analogue of this series was used to demonstrate inhibition of the intended biological target, resulting in apoptosis and down-regulation of ERK phosphorylation in human MM cell lines.
|
Inhibition of recombinant human FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli by scintillation counting
|
Homo sapiens
|
3.0
nM
|
|
Journal : J. Med. Chem.
Title : Remarkable potential of the α-aminophosphonate/phosphinate structural motif in medicinal chemistry.
Year : 2011
Volume : 54
Issue : 17
First Page : 5955
Last Page : 5980
Authors : Mucha A, Kafarski P, Berlicki Ł.
|
Inhibition of N-terminal His6-tagged Plasmodium vivax GGPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL2-codon plus (DE3) RIL cells using geranyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate as substrate preincubated with enzyme for 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis
|
Plasmodium vivax
|
130.0
nM
|
|
Journal : ACS Med. Chem. Lett.
Title : Chemo-Immunotherapeutic Anti-Malarials Targeting Isoprenoid Biosynthesis.
Year : 2013
Volume : 4
Issue : 4
First Page : 423
Last Page : 427
Authors : Zhang Y, Zhu W, Liu YL, Wang H, Wang K, Li K, No JH, Ayong L, Gulati A, Pang R, Freitas-Junior L, Morita CT, Old-Field E.
Abstract : We synthesized 30 lipophilic bisphosphonates and tested them in malaria parasite killing (targeting parasite geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, GGPPS) as well in human γδ T cell activation (targeting human farnesyl diphosphate synthase, FPPS). Similar patterns of activity were seen in inhibiting human FPPS and Plasmodium GGPPS, with short to medium chain-length species having most activity. In cells, shorter chain-length species had low activity, due to poor membrane permeability, and longer chain length species were poor enzyme inhibitors. Optimal activity was thus seen with ~C10 side-chains, which have the best combination of enzyme inhibition and cell penetration. We also solved the crystal structure of one potent inhibitor, bound to FPPS. The results are of interest since they suggest the possibility of a combined chemo/immuno-therapeutic approach to anti-malarial development in which both direct parasite killing as well as γδ T cell activation can be achieved with a single compound.
|
Binding affinity to human FPPS at 1 mM by X-ray crystallographic analysis
|
Homo sapiens
|
130.0
nM
|
|
Journal : ACS Med. Chem. Lett.
Title : Chemo-Immunotherapeutic Anti-Malarials Targeting Isoprenoid Biosynthesis.
Year : 2013
Volume : 4
Issue : 4
First Page : 423
Last Page : 427
Authors : Zhang Y, Zhu W, Liu YL, Wang H, Wang K, Li K, No JH, Ayong L, Gulati A, Pang R, Freitas-Junior L, Morita CT, Old-Field E.
Abstract : We synthesized 30 lipophilic bisphosphonates and tested them in malaria parasite killing (targeting parasite geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, GGPPS) as well in human γδ T cell activation (targeting human farnesyl diphosphate synthase, FPPS). Similar patterns of activity were seen in inhibiting human FPPS and Plasmodium GGPPS, with short to medium chain-length species having most activity. In cells, shorter chain-length species had low activity, due to poor membrane permeability, and longer chain length species were poor enzyme inhibitors. Optimal activity was thus seen with ~C10 side-chains, which have the best combination of enzyme inhibition and cell penetration. We also solved the crystal structure of one potent inhibitor, bound to FPPS. The results are of interest since they suggest the possibility of a combined chemo/immuno-therapeutic approach to anti-malarial development in which both direct parasite killing as well as γδ T cell activation can be achieved with a single compound.
|
Inhibition of His6-tagged human truncated FPPS (6-353) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells using geranyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate as substrate preincubated with enzyme for 30 mins by spectrophotometric analysis
|
Homo sapiens
|
100.0
nM
|
|
Journal : ACS Med. Chem. Lett.
Title : Chemo-Immunotherapeutic Anti-Malarials Targeting Isoprenoid Biosynthesis.
Year : 2013
Volume : 4
Issue : 4
First Page : 423
Last Page : 427
Authors : Zhang Y, Zhu W, Liu YL, Wang H, Wang K, Li K, No JH, Ayong L, Gulati A, Pang R, Freitas-Junior L, Morita CT, Old-Field E.
Abstract : We synthesized 30 lipophilic bisphosphonates and tested them in malaria parasite killing (targeting parasite geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, GGPPS) as well in human γδ T cell activation (targeting human farnesyl diphosphate synthase, FPPS). Similar patterns of activity were seen in inhibiting human FPPS and Plasmodium GGPPS, with short to medium chain-length species having most activity. In cells, shorter chain-length species had low activity, due to poor membrane permeability, and longer chain length species were poor enzyme inhibitors. Optimal activity was thus seen with ~C10 side-chains, which have the best combination of enzyme inhibition and cell penetration. We also solved the crystal structure of one potent inhibitor, bound to FPPS. The results are of interest since they suggest the possibility of a combined chemo/immuno-therapeutic approach to anti-malarial development in which both direct parasite killing as well as γδ T cell activation can be achieved with a single compound.
|
Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method
|
Homo sapiens
|
62.0
nM
|
|
Journal : Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
Title : Arylamino bisphosphonates: potent and selective inhibitors of the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase XII.
Year : 2014
Volume : 24
Issue : 8
First Page : 1941
Last Page : 1943
Authors : Tauro M, Loiodice F, Ceruso M, Supuran CT, Tortorella P.
Abstract : A set of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) inhibitors, containing a bisphosphonate moiety (BP), has been evaluated for the inhibitory activity of carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1). Human (h) isoforms hCA I, II, IX, XII and XIV were included in the study due to their involvement in crucial physiologic and pathologic processes. Some of these molecules selectively inhibited CA XII in the nanomolar range, showing an attractive dual mechanism (anti-MMP and anti-CA) of action as potential antitumor agents. The BP inhibitors investigated in this study are also excellent leads for obtaining even more effective compounds able to selectively target membrane-bound CA XII and having the potential to be used as tools for understanding physiologic processes regulated by this isoform.
|
Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 12 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method
|
Homo sapiens
|
316.0
nM
|
|
Journal : Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
Title : Arylamino bisphosphonates: potent and selective inhibitors of the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase XII.
Year : 2014
Volume : 24
Issue : 8
First Page : 1941
Last Page : 1943
Authors : Tauro M, Loiodice F, Ceruso M, Supuran CT, Tortorella P.
Abstract : A set of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) inhibitors, containing a bisphosphonate moiety (BP), has been evaluated for the inhibitory activity of carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1). Human (h) isoforms hCA I, II, IX, XII and XIV were included in the study due to their involvement in crucial physiologic and pathologic processes. Some of these molecules selectively inhibited CA XII in the nanomolar range, showing an attractive dual mechanism (anti-MMP and anti-CA) of action as potential antitumor agents. The BP inhibitors investigated in this study are also excellent leads for obtaining even more effective compounds able to selectively target membrane-bound CA XII and having the potential to be used as tools for understanding physiologic processes regulated by this isoform.
|
Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 14 preincubated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydration method
|
Homo sapiens
|
92.0
nM
|
|
Journal : Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
Title : Arylamino bisphosphonates: potent and selective inhibitors of the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase XII.
Year : 2014
Volume : 24
Issue : 8
First Page : 1941
Last Page : 1943
Authors : Tauro M, Loiodice F, Ceruso M, Supuran CT, Tortorella P.
Abstract : A set of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) inhibitors, containing a bisphosphonate moiety (BP), has been evaluated for the inhibitory activity of carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1). Human (h) isoforms hCA I, II, IX, XII and XIV were included in the study due to their involvement in crucial physiologic and pathologic processes. Some of these molecules selectively inhibited CA XII in the nanomolar range, showing an attractive dual mechanism (anti-MMP and anti-CA) of action as potential antitumor agents. The BP inhibitors investigated in this study are also excellent leads for obtaining even more effective compounds able to selectively target membrane-bound CA XII and having the potential to be used as tools for understanding physiologic processes regulated by this isoform.
|
Cytotoxicity against human HuH7 cells at 250 uM after 144 hrs by MTT assay
|
Homo sapiens
|
80.0
%
|
|
Journal : Eur. J. Med. Chem.
Title : Bisphosphonate prodrugs: synthesis and biological evaluation in HuH7 hepatocarcinoma cells.
Year : 2014
Volume : 77
First Page : 56
Last Page : 64
Authors : Monteil M, Migianu-Griffoni E, Sainte-Catherine O, Di Benedetto M, Lecouvey M.
Abstract : We investigated the biological effects of new synthesized bisphosphonates (BPs) on HuH7 hepatocarcinoma cells. BPs containing p-bromophenyl (R1 = p-Br, Ph, 2) in their side chain were the more potent to inhibit HuH7 cell viability. In addition, phenyl diesterified analogues (R2 = R3 = Ph, 2a) were more potent than methyl (R2 = R3 = Me, 2b) or non-esterified BPs (2) inducing more necrosis suggesting that they better entered into cells. Phosphodiesterase inhibitor (IBMX) reversed the effect of the esterified BPs and not that of non-esterified ones suggesting role of cell phosphodiesterases to release active BPs. BP analogues inhibited HuH7 cell migration but esterified ones had no effect on invasion due to the hiding of phosphonic groups. All together, these results indicated the therapeutic interest of these new BP prodrugs.
|
Antimigratory activity against human HuH7 cells at 100 uM after 24 hrs relative to control
|
Homo sapiens
|
72.0
%
|
|
Journal : Eur. J. Med. Chem.
Title : Bisphosphonate prodrugs: synthesis and biological evaluation in HuH7 hepatocarcinoma cells.
Year : 2014
Volume : 77
First Page : 56
Last Page : 64
Authors : Monteil M, Migianu-Griffoni E, Sainte-Catherine O, Di Benedetto M, Lecouvey M.
Abstract : We investigated the biological effects of new synthesized bisphosphonates (BPs) on HuH7 hepatocarcinoma cells. BPs containing p-bromophenyl (R1 = p-Br, Ph, 2) in their side chain were the more potent to inhibit HuH7 cell viability. In addition, phenyl diesterified analogues (R2 = R3 = Ph, 2a) were more potent than methyl (R2 = R3 = Me, 2b) or non-esterified BPs (2) inducing more necrosis suggesting that they better entered into cells. Phosphodiesterase inhibitor (IBMX) reversed the effect of the esterified BPs and not that of non-esterified ones suggesting role of cell phosphodiesterases to release active BPs. BP analogues inhibited HuH7 cell migration but esterified ones had no effect on invasion due to the hiding of phosphonic groups. All together, these results indicated the therapeutic interest of these new BP prodrugs.
|
Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 2 pretreated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay
|
Homo sapiens
|
62.0
nM
|
|
Journal : Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
Title : Dual carbonic anhydrase/matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors incorporating bisphosphonic acid moieties targeting bone tumors.
Year : 2014
Volume : 24
Issue : 12
First Page : 2617
Last Page : 2620
Authors : Tauro M, Loiodice F, Ceruso M, Supuran CT, Tortorella P.
Abstract : A set of bisphosphonate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors was investigated for inhibitory activity against several carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozymes, some of which are overexpressed in hypoxic tumors. Some of the bisphosphonate revealed to be very potent inhibitors (in the low nanomolar range) of the cytosolic isoform CA II and the membrane-bound CA IX, XII and XIV isozymes, a feature useful for considering them as interesting compounds for bone resorption inhibition applications. We suggest here that it is possible to develop dual enzyme inhibitors bearing bisphosphonate moieties that may target both MMPs and CAs, two families of enzymes involved in tumor formation, growth, and metastasis.
|
Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 12 pretreated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay
|
Homo sapiens
|
316.0
nM
|
|
Journal : Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
Title : Dual carbonic anhydrase/matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors incorporating bisphosphonic acid moieties targeting bone tumors.
Year : 2014
Volume : 24
Issue : 12
First Page : 2617
Last Page : 2620
Authors : Tauro M, Loiodice F, Ceruso M, Supuran CT, Tortorella P.
Abstract : A set of bisphosphonate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors was investigated for inhibitory activity against several carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozymes, some of which are overexpressed in hypoxic tumors. Some of the bisphosphonate revealed to be very potent inhibitors (in the low nanomolar range) of the cytosolic isoform CA II and the membrane-bound CA IX, XII and XIV isozymes, a feature useful for considering them as interesting compounds for bone resorption inhibition applications. We suggest here that it is possible to develop dual enzyme inhibitors bearing bisphosphonate moieties that may target both MMPs and CAs, two families of enzymes involved in tumor formation, growth, and metastasis.
|
Inhibition of human recombinant carbonic anhydrase 14 pretreated for 15 mins by stopped flow CO2 hydrase assay
|
Homo sapiens
|
92.0
nM
|
|
Journal : Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
Title : Dual carbonic anhydrase/matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors incorporating bisphosphonic acid moieties targeting bone tumors.
Year : 2014
Volume : 24
Issue : 12
First Page : 2617
Last Page : 2620
Authors : Tauro M, Loiodice F, Ceruso M, Supuran CT, Tortorella P.
Abstract : A set of bisphosphonate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors was investigated for inhibitory activity against several carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isozymes, some of which are overexpressed in hypoxic tumors. Some of the bisphosphonate revealed to be very potent inhibitors (in the low nanomolar range) of the cytosolic isoform CA II and the membrane-bound CA IX, XII and XIV isozymes, a feature useful for considering them as interesting compounds for bone resorption inhibition applications. We suggest here that it is possible to develop dual enzyme inhibitors bearing bisphosphonate moieties that may target both MMPs and CAs, two families of enzymes involved in tumor formation, growth, and metastasis.
|
Allosteric inhibition of human recombinant FPPS using GPP and [3H]IPP as substrate incubated with enzyme for 10 mins prior to substrate addition by liquid scintillation counting analysis
|
Homo sapiens
|
3.0
nM
|
|
Journal : J. Med. Chem.
Title : Multistage screening reveals chameleon ligands of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase: implications to drug discovery for neurodegenerative diseases.
Year : 2014
Volume : 57
Issue : 13
First Page : 5764
Last Page : 5776
Authors : De Schutter JW, Park J, Leung CY, Gormley P, Lin YS, Hu Z, Berghuis AM, Poirier J, Tsantrizos YS.
Abstract : Human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (hFPPS) is the gate-keeper of mammalian isoprenoids and the key target of bisphosphonate drugs. Bisphosphonates suffer from poor "drug-like" properties and are mainly effective in treating skeletal diseases. Recent investigations have implicated hFPPS in various nonskeletal diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the hFPPS gene and mRNA levels in autopsy-confirmed AD subjects was undertaken, and a genetic link between hFPPS and phosphorylated tau (P-Tau) levels in the human brain was identified. Elevated P-Tau levels are strongly implicated in AD progression. The development of nonbisphosphonate inhibitors can provide molecular tools for validating hFPPS as a therapeutic target for tauopathy-associated neurodegeneration. A multistage screening protocol led to the identification of a new monophosphonate chemotype that bind in an allosteric pocket of hFPPS. Optimization of these compounds could lead to human therapeutics that block tau metabolism and arrest the progression of neurodegeneration.
|
Inhibition of human FPPS
|
Homo sapiens
|
4.1
nM
|
|
Journal : Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett.
Title : Probing the molecular and structural elements of ligands binding to the active site versus an allosteric pocket of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase.
Year : 2015
Volume : 25
Issue : 5
First Page : 1117
Last Page : 1123
Authors : Gritzalis D, Park J, Chiu W, Cho H, Lin YS, De Schutter JW, Lacbay CM, Zielinski M, Berghuis AM, Tsantrizos YS.
Abstract : In order to explore the interactions of bisphosphonate ligands with the active site and an allosteric pocket of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (hFPPS), substituted indole and azabenzimidazole bisphosphonates were designed as chameleon ligands. NMR and crystallographic studies revealed that these compounds can occupy both sub-pockets of the active site cavity, as well as the allosteric pocket of hFPPS in the presence of the enzyme's Mg(2+) ion cofactor. These results are consistent with the previously proposed hypothesis that the allosteric pocket of hFPPS, located near the active site, plays a feed-back regulatory role for this enzyme.
|
Inhibition of human FPPS pre-incubated for 30 mins using GPP and IPP by continuous spectrophotometric assay
|
Homo sapiens
|
200.0
nM
|
|
Journal : ACS Med. Chem. Lett.
Title : Farnesyl diphosphate synthase inhibitors with unique ligand-binding geometries.
Year : 2015
Volume : 6
Issue : 3
First Page : 349
Last Page : 354
Authors : Liu YL, Cao R, Wang Y, Oldfield E.
Abstract : Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) is an important drug target for bone resorption, cancer, and some infectious diseases. Here, we report five new structures including two having unique bound ligand geometries. The diamidine inhibitor 7 binds to human FPPS close to the homoallylic (S2) and allosteric (S3) sites and extends into a new site, here called S4. With the bisphosphonate inhibitor 8, two molecules bind to Trypanosoma brucei FPPS, one molecule in the allylic site (S1) and the other close to S2, the first observation of two bisphosphonate molecules bound to FPPS. We also report the structures of apo-FPPS from T. brucei, together with two more bisphosphonate-bound structures (2,9), for purposes of comparison. The diamidine structure is of particular interest because 7 could represent a new lead for lipophilic FPPS inhibitors, while 8 has low micromolar activity against T. brucei, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis.
|
Binding affinity to butyrophilin 3A1 in human Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T-cells assessed as activation of Vgamma9/Vdelta2 T-cells by upregulation of CD69 and CD25 after 18 hrs
|
Homo sapiens
|
486.6
nM
|
|
Journal : J Med Chem
Title : Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of ( E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl Phosphate (HMBP) Aryloxy Triester Phosphoramidate Prodrugs as Activators of Vγ9/Vδ2 T-Cell Immune Responses.
Year : 2018
Volume : 61
Issue : 5
First Page : 2111
Last Page : 2117
Authors : Davey MS, Malde R, Mykura RC, Baker AT, Taher TE, Le Duff CS, Willcox BE, Mehellou Y.
Abstract : The aryloxy triester phosphoramidate prodrug approach has been used with success in drug discovery. Herein, we describe the first application of this prodrug technology to the monophosphate derivative of the phosphoantigen HMBPP and one of its analogues. Some of these prodrugs exhibited specific and potent activation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T-cells, which were then able to lyse bladder cancer cells in vitro. This work highlights the promise of this prodrug technology in the discovery of novel immunotherapeutics.
|
Inhibition of recombinant human C-terminal His6-tagged GGPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 at 100 uM using IPP and FPP as substrates pretreated for 15 mins followed by substrates addition and measured after 1 hr by colorimetric method relative to control
|
Homo sapiens
|
38.0
%
|
|
Journal : Eur J Med Chem
Title : Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
Year : 2018
Volume : 158
First Page : 184
Last Page : 200
Authors : Savino S, Toscano A, Purgatorio R, Profilo E, Laghezza A, Tortorella P, Angelelli M, Cellamare S, Scala R, Tricarico D, Marobbio CMT, Perna F, Vitale P, Agamennone M, Dimiccoli V, Tolomeo A, Scilimati A.
Abstract : Bisphosphonates such as zoledronic, alendronic and risedronic acids are a class of drugs clinically used to prevent bone density loss and osteoporosis. Novel P-C-P bisphosphonates were synthesized for targeting human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (hFPPS) and human geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (hGGPPS), key enzymes of the mevalonate pathway, and capable of anti-proliferative action on a number of cell lines (PC3, MG63, MC3T3, RAW 264.7, J774A.1, bone marrow cells and their co-colture with PC3) involved in bone homeostasis, bone formation and death. Among sixteen compounds, [1-hydroxy-2-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)ethane-1,1-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid) (10) was effective in reducing PC3 and RAW 264.7 cell number in crystal-violet and cell-dehydrogenase activity assays at 100 μM concentration. 10 reduced differentiated osteoclasts number similarly with zoledronic acid in osteoclastogenesis assay. At nanomolar concentrations, 10 was more effective than zoledronic acid in inducing mineralization in MC3T3 and murine bone marrow cells. Further, 10 significantly inhibited the activity of hFPPS showing an IC50 of 0.31 μM and a remarkable hydroxyapatite binding of 90%. Docking calculations were performed identifying putative interactions between some representative novel bisphosphonates and both hFPPS and hGGPPS. Then, 10 was found to behave similarly or even better than zoledronic acid as a anti-resorptive agent.
|
Inhibition of recombinant human C-terminal His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 at 1 uM using DMAPP and IPP as substrates pretreated for 15 mins followed by substrates addition and measured after 1 hr by colorimetric method relative to control
|
Homo sapiens
|
91.1
%
|
|
Journal : Eur J Med Chem
Title : Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
Year : 2018
Volume : 158
First Page : 184
Last Page : 200
Authors : Savino S, Toscano A, Purgatorio R, Profilo E, Laghezza A, Tortorella P, Angelelli M, Cellamare S, Scala R, Tricarico D, Marobbio CMT, Perna F, Vitale P, Agamennone M, Dimiccoli V, Tolomeo A, Scilimati A.
Abstract : Bisphosphonates such as zoledronic, alendronic and risedronic acids are a class of drugs clinically used to prevent bone density loss and osteoporosis. Novel P-C-P bisphosphonates were synthesized for targeting human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (hFPPS) and human geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (hGGPPS), key enzymes of the mevalonate pathway, and capable of anti-proliferative action on a number of cell lines (PC3, MG63, MC3T3, RAW 264.7, J774A.1, bone marrow cells and their co-colture with PC3) involved in bone homeostasis, bone formation and death. Among sixteen compounds, [1-hydroxy-2-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)ethane-1,1-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid) (10) was effective in reducing PC3 and RAW 264.7 cell number in crystal-violet and cell-dehydrogenase activity assays at 100 μM concentration. 10 reduced differentiated osteoclasts number similarly with zoledronic acid in osteoclastogenesis assay. At nanomolar concentrations, 10 was more effective than zoledronic acid in inducing mineralization in MC3T3 and murine bone marrow cells. Further, 10 significantly inhibited the activity of hFPPS showing an IC50 of 0.31 μM and a remarkable hydroxyapatite binding of 90%. Docking calculations were performed identifying putative interactions between some representative novel bisphosphonates and both hFPPS and hGGPPS. Then, 10 was found to behave similarly or even better than zoledronic acid as a anti-resorptive agent.
|
Inhibition of recombinant human C-terminal His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 using DMAPP and IPP as substrates pretreated for 15 mins followed by substrates addition and measured after 1 hr by colorimetric method
|
Homo sapiens
|
60.0
nM
|
|
Journal : Eur J Med Chem
Title : Novel bisphosphonates with antiresorptive effect in bone mineralization and osteoclastogenesis.
Year : 2018
Volume : 158
First Page : 184
Last Page : 200
Authors : Savino S, Toscano A, Purgatorio R, Profilo E, Laghezza A, Tortorella P, Angelelli M, Cellamare S, Scala R, Tricarico D, Marobbio CMT, Perna F, Vitale P, Agamennone M, Dimiccoli V, Tolomeo A, Scilimati A.
Abstract : Bisphosphonates such as zoledronic, alendronic and risedronic acids are a class of drugs clinically used to prevent bone density loss and osteoporosis. Novel P-C-P bisphosphonates were synthesized for targeting human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (hFPPS) and human geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (hGGPPS), key enzymes of the mevalonate pathway, and capable of anti-proliferative action on a number of cell lines (PC3, MG63, MC3T3, RAW 264.7, J774A.1, bone marrow cells and their co-colture with PC3) involved in bone homeostasis, bone formation and death. Among sixteen compounds, [1-hydroxy-2-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)ethane-1,1-diyl]bis(phosphonic acid) (10) was effective in reducing PC3 and RAW 264.7 cell number in crystal-violet and cell-dehydrogenase activity assays at 100 μM concentration. 10 reduced differentiated osteoclasts number similarly with zoledronic acid in osteoclastogenesis assay. At nanomolar concentrations, 10 was more effective than zoledronic acid in inducing mineralization in MC3T3 and murine bone marrow cells. Further, 10 significantly inhibited the activity of hFPPS showing an IC50 of 0.31 μM and a remarkable hydroxyapatite binding of 90%. Docking calculations were performed identifying putative interactions between some representative novel bisphosphonates and both hFPPS and hGGPPS. Then, 10 was found to behave similarly or even better than zoledronic acid as a anti-resorptive agent.
|
Antiviral activity determined as inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 induced cytotoxicity of Caco-2 cells at 10 uM after 48 hours by high content imaging
|
Homo sapiens
|
-7.59
%
|
|
Title : Identification of inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 in-vitro cellular toxicity in human (Caco-2) cells using a large scale drug repurposing collection
Year : 2020
Authors : Bernhard Ellinger, Denisa Bojkova, Andrea Zaliani, Jindrich Cinatl, Carsten Claussen, Sandra Westhaus, Jeanette Reinshagen, Maria Kuzikov, Markus Wolf, Gerd Geisslinger, Philip Gribbon, Sandra Ciesek
Abstract : To identify possible candidates for progression towards clinical studies against SARS-CoV-2, we screened a well-defined collection of 5632 compounds including 3488 compounds which have undergone clinical investigations (marketed drugs, phases 1 -3, and withdrawn) across 600 indications. Compounds were screened for their inhibition of viral induced cytotoxicity using the human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 and a SARS-CoV-2 isolate. The primary screen of 5632 compounds gave 271 hits. A total of 64 compounds with IC50 <20 µM were identified, including 19 compounds with IC50 < 1 µM. Of this confirmed hit population, 90% have not yet been previously reported as active against SARS-CoV-2 in-vitro cell assays. Some 37 of the actives are launched drugs, 19 are in phases 1-3 and 10 pre-clinical. Several inhibitors were associated with modulation of host pathways including kinase signaling P53 activation, ubiquitin pathways and PDE activity modulation, with long chain acyl transferases were effective viral inhibitors.
|
Inhibition of FDPS (unknown origin)
|
Homo sapiens
|
3.0
nM
|
|
Journal : Bioorg Med Chem Lett
Title : Novel benzimidazole phosphonates as potential inhibitors of protein prenylation.
Year : 2019
Volume : 29
Issue : 24
First Page : 126757
Last Page : 126757
Authors : Bhuiyan NH, Varney ML, Wiemer DF, Holstein SA.
Abstract : Benzimidazole carboxyphosphonates and bisphosphonates have been prepared and evaluated for their activity as inhibitors of protein prenylation or isoprenoid biosynthesis. The nature of the phosphonate head group was found to dictate enzyme specificity. The lead carboxyphosphonate inhibits geranylgeranyl transferase II while its corresponding bisphosphonate analogue potently inhibits farnesyl diphosphate synthase. The most active inhibitors effectively disrupted protein prenylation in human multiple myeloma cells.
|
Inhibition of N-terminal His-tagged human FPPS (1 to 353 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pre-incubated for 10 mins before addition of GPP and [14C]-IPP by scintillation counting method
|
Homo sapiens
|
2.0
nM
|
|
Journal : J Med Chem
Title : Chirality-Driven Mode of Binding of α-Aminophosphonic Acid-Based Allosteric Inhibitors of the Human Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase (hFPPS).
Year : 2019
Volume : 62
Issue : 21
First Page : 9691
Last Page : 9702
Authors : Feng Y, Park J, Li SG, Boutin R, Viereck P, Schilling MA, Berghuis AM, Tsantrizos YS.
Abstract : Thienopyrimidine-based allosteric inhibitors of the human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (hFPPS), characterized by a chiral α-aminophosphonic acid moiety, were synthesized as enantiomerically enriched pairs, and their binding mode was investigated by X-ray crystallography. A general consensus in the binding orientation of all (R)- and (S)-enantiomers was revealed. This finding is a prerequisite for establishing a reliable structure-activity relationship (SAR) model.
|
Inhibition of human N-terminal TEV protease cleavage site-fused-His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using GPP and [14C] IPP as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 10 mins by scintillation counter method
|
Homo sapiens
|
170.0
nM
|
|
Journal : J Med Chem
Title : Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
Year : 2019
Volume : 62
Issue : 23
First Page : 10867
Last Page : 10896
Authors : Han S, Li X, Xia Y, Yu Z, Cai N, Malwal SR, Han X, Oldfield E, Zhang Y.
Abstract : Human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (Homo sapiens FPPS, HsFPPS) is a target for treating bone resorption diseases and some cancers. HsFPPS is potently inhibited by bisphosphonates, but due to poor cell penetration and distribution in soft tissue, there is currently interest in the development of non-bisphosphonate inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. Here, we report the discovery and development of HsFPPS inhibitors based on the phenolic diterpene carnosic acid (CA), an antimicrobial found in rosemary and sage, which showed better cellular anticancer activities than the bisphosphonate drug zoledronate in pancreatic cancer cell lines, as well as an HsFPPS-dependent mechanism of action. Hit-to-lead optimization of CA improved HsFPPS inhibition by >100-fold. A slow dissociation inhibition pattern and a noncompetitive allosteric binding mode were found, and cellular mechanism-of-action studies showed that these inhibitors inhibit tumor cell growth primarily by inhibiting HsFPPS, leading to downregulation of Ras prenylation and cell apoptosis. The discovery of this series of compounds together with proof-of-mechanism in pancreatic cancer cells may pave the way for targeting HsFPPS in soft tissue cancers using natural-product-derived inhibitors.
|
Competitive inhibition of human N-terminal TEV protease cleavage site-fused-His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using IPP as substrate
|
Homo sapiens
|
173.0
nM
|
|
Journal : J Med Chem
Title : Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
Year : 2019
Volume : 62
Issue : 23
First Page : 10867
Last Page : 10896
Authors : Han S, Li X, Xia Y, Yu Z, Cai N, Malwal SR, Han X, Oldfield E, Zhang Y.
Abstract : Human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (Homo sapiens FPPS, HsFPPS) is a target for treating bone resorption diseases and some cancers. HsFPPS is potently inhibited by bisphosphonates, but due to poor cell penetration and distribution in soft tissue, there is currently interest in the development of non-bisphosphonate inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. Here, we report the discovery and development of HsFPPS inhibitors based on the phenolic diterpene carnosic acid (CA), an antimicrobial found in rosemary and sage, which showed better cellular anticancer activities than the bisphosphonate drug zoledronate in pancreatic cancer cell lines, as well as an HsFPPS-dependent mechanism of action. Hit-to-lead optimization of CA improved HsFPPS inhibition by >100-fold. A slow dissociation inhibition pattern and a noncompetitive allosteric binding mode were found, and cellular mechanism-of-action studies showed that these inhibitors inhibit tumor cell growth primarily by inhibiting HsFPPS, leading to downregulation of Ras prenylation and cell apoptosis. The discovery of this series of compounds together with proof-of-mechanism in pancreatic cancer cells may pave the way for targeting HsFPPS in soft tissue cancers using natural-product-derived inhibitors.
|
Competitive inhibition of human N-terminal TEV protease cleavage site-fused-His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using DMAPP and GPP as substrate
|
Homo sapiens
|
220.0
nM
|
|
Journal : J Med Chem
Title : Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
Year : 2019
Volume : 62
Issue : 23
First Page : 10867
Last Page : 10896
Authors : Han S, Li X, Xia Y, Yu Z, Cai N, Malwal SR, Han X, Oldfield E, Zhang Y.
Abstract : Human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (Homo sapiens FPPS, HsFPPS) is a target for treating bone resorption diseases and some cancers. HsFPPS is potently inhibited by bisphosphonates, but due to poor cell penetration and distribution in soft tissue, there is currently interest in the development of non-bisphosphonate inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. Here, we report the discovery and development of HsFPPS inhibitors based on the phenolic diterpene carnosic acid (CA), an antimicrobial found in rosemary and sage, which showed better cellular anticancer activities than the bisphosphonate drug zoledronate in pancreatic cancer cell lines, as well as an HsFPPS-dependent mechanism of action. Hit-to-lead optimization of CA improved HsFPPS inhibition by >100-fold. A slow dissociation inhibition pattern and a noncompetitive allosteric binding mode were found, and cellular mechanism-of-action studies showed that these inhibitors inhibit tumor cell growth primarily by inhibiting HsFPPS, leading to downregulation of Ras prenylation and cell apoptosis. The discovery of this series of compounds together with proof-of-mechanism in pancreatic cancer cells may pave the way for targeting HsFPPS in soft tissue cancers using natural-product-derived inhibitors.
|
Inhibition of human N-terminal TEV protease cleavage site-fused-His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using GPP and IPP as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition by continuous spectrophotometric assay
|
Homo sapiens
|
100.0
nM
|
|
Journal : J Med Chem
Title : Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
Year : 2019
Volume : 62
Issue : 23
First Page : 10867
Last Page : 10896
Authors : Han S, Li X, Xia Y, Yu Z, Cai N, Malwal SR, Han X, Oldfield E, Zhang Y.
Abstract : Human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (Homo sapiens FPPS, HsFPPS) is a target for treating bone resorption diseases and some cancers. HsFPPS is potently inhibited by bisphosphonates, but due to poor cell penetration and distribution in soft tissue, there is currently interest in the development of non-bisphosphonate inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. Here, we report the discovery and development of HsFPPS inhibitors based on the phenolic diterpene carnosic acid (CA), an antimicrobial found in rosemary and sage, which showed better cellular anticancer activities than the bisphosphonate drug zoledronate in pancreatic cancer cell lines, as well as an HsFPPS-dependent mechanism of action. Hit-to-lead optimization of CA improved HsFPPS inhibition by >100-fold. A slow dissociation inhibition pattern and a noncompetitive allosteric binding mode were found, and cellular mechanism-of-action studies showed that these inhibitors inhibit tumor cell growth primarily by inhibiting HsFPPS, leading to downregulation of Ras prenylation and cell apoptosis. The discovery of this series of compounds together with proof-of-mechanism in pancreatic cancer cells may pave the way for targeting HsFPPS in soft tissue cancers using natural-product-derived inhibitors.
|
Inhibition of human N-terminal TEV protease cleavage site-fused-His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) assessed as using GPP and IPP as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition in presence of 0.01 % Triton X-100 by continuous spectrophotometric assay
|
Homo sapiens
|
140.0
nM
|
|
Journal : J Med Chem
Title : Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
Year : 2019
Volume : 62
Issue : 23
First Page : 10867
Last Page : 10896
Authors : Han S, Li X, Xia Y, Yu Z, Cai N, Malwal SR, Han X, Oldfield E, Zhang Y.
Abstract : Human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (Homo sapiens FPPS, HsFPPS) is a target for treating bone resorption diseases and some cancers. HsFPPS is potently inhibited by bisphosphonates, but due to poor cell penetration and distribution in soft tissue, there is currently interest in the development of non-bisphosphonate inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. Here, we report the discovery and development of HsFPPS inhibitors based on the phenolic diterpene carnosic acid (CA), an antimicrobial found in rosemary and sage, which showed better cellular anticancer activities than the bisphosphonate drug zoledronate in pancreatic cancer cell lines, as well as an HsFPPS-dependent mechanism of action. Hit-to-lead optimization of CA improved HsFPPS inhibition by >100-fold. A slow dissociation inhibition pattern and a noncompetitive allosteric binding mode were found, and cellular mechanism-of-action studies showed that these inhibitors inhibit tumor cell growth primarily by inhibiting HsFPPS, leading to downregulation of Ras prenylation and cell apoptosis. The discovery of this series of compounds together with proof-of-mechanism in pancreatic cancer cells may pave the way for targeting HsFPPS in soft tissue cancers using natural-product-derived inhibitors.
|
Inhibition of human N-terminal TEV protease cleavage site-fused-His6-tagged FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using GPP and IPP as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition in absence of 0.01 % Triton X-100 by continuous spectrophotometric assay
|
Homo sapiens
|
100.0
nM
|
|
Journal : J Med Chem
Title : Farnesyl Pyrophosphate Synthase as a Target for Drug Development: Discovery of Natural-Product-Derived Inhibitors and Their Activity in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.
Year : 2019
Volume : 62
Issue : 23
First Page : 10867
Last Page : 10896
Authors : Han S, Li X, Xia Y, Yu Z, Cai N, Malwal SR, Han X, Oldfield E, Zhang Y.
Abstract : Human farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (Homo sapiens FPPS, HsFPPS) is a target for treating bone resorption diseases and some cancers. HsFPPS is potently inhibited by bisphosphonates, but due to poor cell penetration and distribution in soft tissue, there is currently interest in the development of non-bisphosphonate inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. Here, we report the discovery and development of HsFPPS inhibitors based on the phenolic diterpene carnosic acid (CA), an antimicrobial found in rosemary and sage, which showed better cellular anticancer activities than the bisphosphonate drug zoledronate in pancreatic cancer cell lines, as well as an HsFPPS-dependent mechanism of action. Hit-to-lead optimization of CA improved HsFPPS inhibition by >100-fold. A slow dissociation inhibition pattern and a noncompetitive allosteric binding mode were found, and cellular mechanism-of-action studies showed that these inhibitors inhibit tumor cell growth primarily by inhibiting HsFPPS, leading to downregulation of Ras prenylation and cell apoptosis. The discovery of this series of compounds together with proof-of-mechanism in pancreatic cancer cells may pave the way for targeting HsFPPS in soft tissue cancers using natural-product-derived inhibitors.
|
Inhibition of human FPPS using IPP and GPP
|
Homo sapiens
|
250.0
nM
|
|
Journal : J Med Chem
Title : Discovery of Lipophilic Bisphosphonates That Target Bacterial Cell Wall and Quinone Biosynthesis.
Year : 2019
Volume : 62
Issue : 5
First Page : 2564
Last Page : 2581
Authors : Malwal SR, Chen L, Hicks H, Qu F, Liu W, Shillo A, Law WX, Zhang J, Chandnani N, Han X, Zheng Y, Chen CC, Guo RT, AbdelKhalek A, Seleem MN, Oldfield E.
Abstract : We report that alkyl-substituted bisphosphonates have activity against Bacillus anthracis Sterne (0.40 μg/mL), Mycobacterium smegmatis (1.4 μg/mL), Bacillus subtilis (1.0 μg/mL), and Staphylococcus aureus (13 μg/mL). In many cases, there is no effect of serum binding, as well as low activity against a human embryonic kidney cell line. Targeting of isoprenoid biosynthesis is involved with 74 having IC50 values of ∼100 nM against heptaprenyl diphosphate synthase and 200 nM against farnesyl diphosphate synthase. B. subtilis growth inhibition was rescued by addition of farnesyl diphosphate, menaquinone-4 (MK-4), or undecaprenyl phosphate (UP), and the combination of MK-4 and UP resulted in a 25× increase in ED50, indicating targeting of both quinone and cell wall biosynthesis. Clostridioides difficile was inhibited by 74, and since this organism does not synthesize quinones, cell wall biosynthesis is the likely target. We also solved three X-ray structures of inhibitors bound to octaprenyl diphosphate and/or undecaprenyl diphosphate synthases.
|
SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Pro protease inhibition percentage at 20µM by FRET kind of response from peptide substrate
|
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
|
26.1
%
|
|
SARS-CoV-2 3CL-Pro protease inhibition percentage at 20µM by FRET kind of response from peptide substrate
|
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
|
8.204
%
|
|
Title : Identification of inhibitors of SARS-Cov2 M-Pro enzymatic activity using a small molecule repurposing screen
Year : 2020
Authors : Maria Kuzikov, Elisa Costanzi, Jeanette Reinshagen, Francesca Esposito, Laura Vangeel, Markus Wolf, Bernhard Ellinger, Carsten Claussen, Gerd Geisslinger, Angela Corona, Daniela Iaconis, Carmine Talarico, Candida Manelfi, Rolando Cannalire, Giulia Rossetti, Jonas Gossen, Simone Albani, Francesco Musiani, Katja Herzog, Yang Ye, Barbara Giabbai, Nicola Demitri, Dirk Jochmans, Steven De Jonghe, Jasper Rymenants, Vincenzo Summa, Enzo Tramontano, Andrea R. Beccari, Pieter Leyssen, Paola Storici, Johan Neyts, Philip Gribbon, and Andrea Zaliani
Abstract : Compound repurposing is an important strategy being pursued in the identification of effective treatment against the SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease. In this regard, SARS-CoV-2 main protease (M-Pro), also termed 3CL-Pro, is an attractive drug target as it plays a central role in viral replication by processing the viral polyprotein into 11 non-structural proteins. We report the results of a screening campaign involving ca 8.7 K compounds containing marketed drugs, clinical and preclinical candidates, and chemicals regarded as safe in humans. We confirmed previously reported inhibitors of 3CL-Pro, but we have also identified 68 compounds with IC50 lower than 1 uM and 127 compounds with IC50 lower than 5 uM. Profiling showed 67% of confirmed hits were selective (> 5 fold) against other Cys- and Ser- proteases (Chymotrypsin and Cathepsin-L) and MERS 3CL-Pro. Selected compounds were also analysed in their binding characteristics.
|
Antiviral activity determined as inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 induced cytotoxicity of VERO-6 cells at 10 uM after 48 hours exposure to 0.01 MOI SARS CoV-2 virus by high content imaging
|
Chlorocebus sabaeus
|
0.02
%
|
|
Antiviral activity determined as inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 induced cytotoxicity of VERO-6 cells at 10 uM after 48 hours exposure to 0.01 MOI SARS CoV-2 virus by high content imaging
|
Chlorocebus sabaeus
|
-0.03
%
|
|
Antiviral activity determined as inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 induced cytotoxicity of VERO-6 cells at 10 uM after 48 hours exposure to 0.01 MOI SARS CoV-2 virus by high content imaging
|
Chlorocebus sabaeus
|
-0.03
%
|
|
Antiviral activity determined as inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 induced cytotoxicity of VERO-6 cells at 10 uM after 48 hours exposure to 0.01 MOI SARS CoV-2 virus by high content imaging
|
Chlorocebus sabaeus
|
0.02
%
|
|
Title : Cytopathic SARS-Cov2 screening on VERO-E6 cells in a large repurposing effort
Year : 2020
Authors : Andrea Zaliani, Laura Vangeel, Jeanette Reinshagen, Daniela Iaconis, Maria Kuzikov, Oliver Keminer, Markus Wolf, Bernhard Ellinger, Francesca Esposito, Angela Corona, Enzo Tramontano, Candida Manelfi, Katja Herzog, Dirk Jochmans, Steven De Jonghe, Winston Chiu, Thibault Francken, Joost Schepers, Caroline Collard, Kayvan Abbasi, Carsten Claussen , Vincenzo Summa, Andrea R. Beccari, Johan Neyts, Philip Gribbon and Pieter Leyssen
Abstract : Worldwide, there are intensive efforts to identify repurposed drugs as potential therapies against SARS-CoV-2 infection and the associated COVID-19 disease. To date, the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone and (to a lesser extent) the RNA-polymerase inhibitor remdesivir have been shown to be effective in reducing mortality and patient time to recovery, respectively, in patients. Here, we report the results of a phenotypic screening campaign within an EU-funded project (H2020-EXSCALATE4COV) aimed at extending the repertoire of anti-COVID therapeutics through repurposing of available compounds and highlighting compounds with new mechanisms of action against viral infection. We screened 8702 molecules from different repurposing libraries, to reveal 110 compounds with an anti-cytopathic IC50 < 20 µM. From this group, 18 with a safety index greater than 2 are also marketed drugs, making them suitable for further study as potential therapies against COVID-19. Our result supports the idea that a systematic approach to repurposing is a valid strategy to accelerate the necessary drug discovery process.
|
Inhibition of recombinant Leishmania major FPPS expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using GPP and [14C]IPP as substrate incubated for 15 mins by scintillation counting method
|
Leishmania major
|
10.0
nM
|
|
Journal : Bioorg Med Chem Lett
Title : A guanidinium-based inhibitor of a type I isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase.
Year : 2020
Volume : 30
Issue : 22
First Page : 127577
Last Page : 127577
Authors : Abdelmagid WM,Mahmoodi N,Tanner ME
Abstract : An inhibitor bearing a phosphinylphosphonate group appended to a guanidinium functionality was designed to inhibit enzymes that generate carbocations from dimethylallyl diphosphate. When tested against human farnesyl diphosphate synthase the inhibitor bound with high micromolar affinity and did not bind more tightly than an isosteric inhibitor lacking the guanidinium functionality. When tested against the Type I isopentenyl diphosphate:dimethylallyl diphosphate isomerase from Escherichia coli, the inhibitor bound with a K value of 120 nM, which was 400 times greater than its isosteric counterpart. This strategy of inhibition was much more effective with an enzyme that generates a carbocation that is not stabilized by both resonance and ion pairing, presumably because there is more evolutionary pressure on the enzyme to stabilize the cation.
